DolceraWiki - User contributions [en]

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2007-07-16T10:40:45Z

121.247.113.223:

Alopecia - Hair Loss

2007-01-10T05:48:40Z

121.247.113.223: /* Conclusions */

{{TOCrightEx}}
== Rationale ==
* "Medication for men plagued by hair loss has become a topic of interest in Japan since a drug company began marketing it at the end of last year." March 5th, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/?p=55 source]

* "An increasing number of companies are apparently turning the Chinese fear of a bald spot into big bucks with some doing so well they are branching out into other countries." February 16, 2006 – [http://stophair.setupmyblog.com/]

* "There is something in the air, or should we say in the hair, these days. Scientific research into hair loss remedies has never been more active or more exciting." June 7, 2006 - [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-07-2005/0003821470&EDATE=]

== Alopecia IPMap ==
[http://www.dolcera.com/client/d8r3/hairloss_map.htm Dolcera IPMap for Alopecia]

== Introduction ==

=== Hair basics ===
* Hair is a complex and delicate part of the body.
* Keeping it healthy and beautiful is a challenge.
* Hair grows everywhere on the body with the exception of lips, eyelids, palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
* Hair is basically a form of skin.
* Hair is made up of a protein called keratin.
* Each shaft of hair is made of two or three inter-twined layers of keratin which grow from a follicle beneath the skin.
* Hair Structure - [http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_12.htm]
* Hair Cycle - [http://www.follicle.com/hair-structure-life-cycle.html]

[[Image:Hairbasics.jpg|center|400px|Structure of Hair root and Hair bulb]]

=== What causes hair loss? ===
* Decrease in growth of hair
* Increase in shedding of hair
* Breakage of hair
* Conversion of thick terminal hairs to thin vellus hairs
[[Image:Facts.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Survey results from Japan]]
Both men and women lose hair for similar reasons. Hair loss in men is often more dramatic, and follows a specific pattern of loss, one of which has been termed “Male Pattern Baldness" or "Androgenetic Alopecia".

=== Types of alopecia===

* Alopecia Areata (AA): Hair loss occurring in patches anywhere on the body.
* Alopecia Totalis (AT): Total loss of the hair on the scalp.
* Alopecia Universalis (AU): Total loss of all hair on the body.
* Alopecia Barbae: Loss of facial hair (for a man) especially in the beard area.
* Alopecia Mucinosa: A type of alopecia which results in scaley patches.
* Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA): Also known as male pattern baldness. It is a thinning of the hair to an almost transparent state, in both men or women. It is thought to be a hereditary form of hair loss.
* Traction Alopecia: Traction alopecia is usually due to excessive pulling or tension on hair shafts as a result of certain hair styles. It is seen more often in women, particularly those of East Indian and Afro-Caribbean origin. Hair loss depends on the way the hair is being pulled. Prolonged traction alopecia can stop new hair follicles from developing and leads to permanent hair loss.
* Anagen Effluvium: This hair loss is generally caused by chemicals such as those used to treat cancer. Initially it causes patchy hair loss, which often then leads to total hair loss. The good news is that when you stop using these chemicals the hair normally grows back (usually about 6 months later). Other drugs also can cause hair loss. Many medicines used to treat even common diseases can cause hair loss.
* Scarring Alopecia: A form of alopecia which leaves scarring on the area of hair loss.
* Telogen Effluvium: A form of hair loss where more than normal numbers of hair fall out. There is a general 'thinning' of the hair. Unlike some other hair and scalp conditions, it is temporary and the hair growth usually recovers. ([http://www.alopeciaonline.org.uk/about/types.asp Source])

=== Androgenetic alopecia ===
* Gradual onset
* Transition from large, thick, pigmented terminal hairs to thinner, shorter, indeterminate hairs and finally to short, wispy, non-pigmented vellus hairs in the involved areas
* Characterized by a receding hairline and/or hair loss on the top of the head

'''Main causes'''
* Genetic predisposition
* Hormonal effect of androgen
* Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle
* Deactivation of hair matrix cells

'''Some facts from Japan'''

* Market size: ¥ 30 Billion
* Number of products: more than 100

(JICST-EPlus - Japanese Science & Technology)

== IP activity over the years ==
The graph indicates:
* Number of patents filed every 5 years (except for first 7 years).
* First solution proposed in 1973
* Filing trend indicates steep rise in activity recently.
[[Image:Year1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|IP Activity over years]]

== Major players ==
[[Image:players.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Assignees with more than 20 patents ]]
[[Image:players1.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Assignees with fewer than 20 patents ]]<br>

* '''Active assignees'''
Assignees currently active with more than 5 patents to their credit during 2000-2005.
* Warner with 9 patents,
* Bristol with 6 and
* Abbott with 5.

[[Image:Active.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Active Assignees]]

== Treatment Approaches==
Composition of treatment for causes are identified and categorized as follows:

* Anti-androgens (Finasteride) [http://www.emedicine.com/DERM/topic21.htm source]
* Vasodilators (Minoxidil) [http://www.emedicine.com/DERM/topic21.htm source]
* Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator)
* Hair matrix cells activator

{|border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080" align="center"
|- style="font-weight:bold" valign="top"
! Cause !! Treatment approach !! Pathways affected

|- valign="top"
| Hormonal effect of androgen || Anti-androgens || Testosterone pathway

|- valign="top"
| Reduction of blood circulation around hair follicle || Vasodilators (eg. Minoxidil) || NO/cGMP Pathway

|- valign="top"
| Deactivation of hair matrix cells || Hair matrix cells activator
|
* Wnt pathway
* STAT pathway
* TGF beta/BMP Pathway
* FGF Pathway
* MAPK Pathway
* NOTCH Pathway
* Hedgehog Pathway
|}

=== Anti-androgens ===
* Anti-androgens are used in hormone therapy.
* Anti-androgens are designed to affect the hormones made in the adrenal glands. They don't stop the hormones from being made, but they stop them from having an effect leading to hair loss.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Testosterone is reduced to its active metabolite, Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5 alpha reductase.
* DHT attaches to androgen receptor sites at the hair follicle.
* DHT causes gradual miniaturization of the follicle, which eventually results in hair loss.

'''How do anti-androgens treat hair loss?'''
* Anti-androgens compete with DHT to bind to the androgen receptor.
* Upon binding of anti-androgen in place of DHT, follicle miniaturization is lowered and hair loss prevented.

==== Functions of Anti-androgen ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen]

[[Image:Andogen1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Anti-androgen]]

==== IP Map for anti-androgen ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="0", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="450" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="400" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
BLOTECH (2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Palmetto berry extract (fatty acids & sterols), Pumpkin seed extract (Vitamins-B, alpha-linolenic acid, amino acids and phytosterols), Quercetin (Flavonoids) and Beta-sitosterol (Rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils and soybeans)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Fatty acids – Inhibit testosterone
Sterols - Mechanism of action unknown.

Quercetin results in cell growth cycle.

Beta-sitosterol reduce inflammation on scalp
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 4-cycloalkoxy benzonitrile derivatives and salts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Acts as androgen receptor modulator and blocks formation of DHT.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
WARNER LAMBERT(2004)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of 6-sulfonamido-quinolin-2-one and 6-sulfonamido-2-oxo-chromene derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|The compounds inhibit, or decrease, activation of androgen receptor by androgens.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
APHIOS Corp (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto and Sperol (Serenoa repens berry) and their analogs or derivatives.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Modulates androgenic activity by inhibiting 5.alpha.-reductase activity.
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
Fundacion Pablo Cassara (2003)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Nucleotide
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pharmacologically active oligonucleotides (encompass both DNA and S-DNA bond)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Oligonucleotides inhibit androgen receptor (AR) expression at very low concentrations in skin and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
PFIZER INC (2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds (structurally similar to thyronine) with finasteride, or cyproterone acetate
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Activates thyroid hormone receptors in hair follicle which in turn promote elasticisation of follicle walls and hair follicle
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
N/A (1995)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides/nucleic acid
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonist (peptide of plasma origin from kininogen precursor-kallikrein)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits synthesis of bradykinin receptors or compounds by binding to B2 receptor
|- style="height:20px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
KAO Corp (1987)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Walnut extract (leaves/pericarps) with an organic solvent
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Blocks formation of DHT
|}

=== Minoxidil (Vasodilators) ===
* Minoxidil is a "potassium channel opener" that leads to vasodilation.
* The drug is available in two forms. Oral minoxidil is used to treat high blood pressure and the topical solution form is used to treat hair loss and baldness.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* A thick network of tiny veins and arteries line the outer wall of the follicle. Blood pumps through the bulb and hair via this network.
* DHT accumulates in the hair follicles and roots, constricting the blood supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair roots; which is also seen to possibly contribute towards hair loss.

'''How does Minoxidil treat hair loss?'''
* Minoxidil is applied to the scalp topically, where it dilates blood vessels in the scalp and sustains the hair follicles for longer period of time.
* Minoxidil is thought to have a direct mitogenic effect on epidermal cells, as has been observed both in vitro and in vivo. Though the mechanism of its action for causing cell proliferation is not very clear, minoxidil is thought to prevent intracellular calcium entry. Calcium normally enhances epidermal growth factors to inhibit hair growth, and Minoxidil by getting converted to minoxidil sulfate acts as a potassium channel agonist and enhances potassium ion permeability to prevent calcium ions from entering into cells. ([http://www.hairtransplantadvice.com/medical-hair-restoration.php Source])
* Minoxidil sulfate (MS) appears to be the active metabolite responsible for hair growth stimulation.

==== Functions of Vasodilators ====

[[Image:minoxidil1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Monoxidil [http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/diagrams.htm#Diagram%201 source]]]

==== IP Map for Vasodilators ====

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="300" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
WARNER LAMBERT(2002)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Benzopyran compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Rapidly metabolizes, and causes reduced cardiovascular effects as compared to other known potassium channel openers
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
LG HOUSEHOLD & HEALTH CARE(2001)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extracts
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract (alkaloids & flavonoids, luteolin-7-glucose and cytosine) Hinokitiol (Taiwan hinoki oil, Aomori, Western Red Cedar oil) and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B complex)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Promotes function of cell activity and dilates blood vessels
|}

=== Double action (Anti-androgen + Vasodilator) ===
* Combination of Vasodilator + Anti-androgen (double action) composition for effective treatment of Male-Pattern Baldness.

'''What is the problem with using only Anti-androgen therapy?'''
* Anti-androgen is not effective in addressing the issue of vasocontriction around hair follicles due to sebum oil build up.
* Anti-androgen only prevents binding of DHT to androgen receptors. However, the effects of improper oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain due to vasocontriction still remains and gradually causes hair loss.

'''What is the problem with using only Vasodilator (or Minoxidil only) therapy?'''
* Vasodilator or Minoxidil-based products are generally not effective in stopping hair loss as vasodilators (or Minoxidil) do not block the harmful effects of DHT in the scalp and hair follicles.
* Vasodilators or Minoxidil simply dilate blood vessels in the scalp. However, the harmful DHT still gets produced in the body, enters the scalp and hair follicles causing hair loss.

'''How is the combination of Anti-androgens and Vasodilator (or Minoxidil) effective?'''
* Anti-androgens target the problem of DHT binding to androgen receptors and prevents follicle miniaturization.
* Vasodilators like Minoxidil cause vasodilation and therefore improve supply of oxygen and nutrients to the hair follicle and roots.
* Combination therapy therefore proves to be much more effective than individual therapy.

==== Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
[http://www.revivogen.com/revivogen/work.html Anti-androgen ]and [http://www.xandrox.net/articles/article01.htm Minoxidil]
[[Image:Doubleaction1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators)]]

==== IP Map for (Anti-androgen + Vasodilators) ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="75" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="500" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
N/A(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Testosterone blocker or vascular toner (Flutamide, cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, progesterone, or analogs or derivatives) and minoxidil mixed along with non-retinoid penetration enhancer and sunscreen
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits 5.alpha.-reductase activity (block DHT) and increase blood flow on the scalp
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
L'OREAL(2000)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin (polyunsaturated fatty acids) EP-2, EP-3 EP-4 receptor agonist with Minoxidil, 2,4-diaminopyrimidine 3-oxide, and Aminexil, cyclic AMP
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Minoxidil (designed to mimic nitric oxide's effects) grows hair via prostaglandin-H synthase stimulation. EP-3 and EP-4 are expressed in anagen hair follicles which induce a reduction in the level of cAMP
|- style="height:100px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
COLOMER GROUP(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Natural extract
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hop extract (oil contains terpenes and humulene), Rosemary extract (hydroalcohol), Swertia extract (glycol with a swertiamarin), Silanodiol salicylate (biologically active silicon compound)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inhibits activity of 5-alpha-reductase, protects follicular cell membranes by neutralizing action of oxidation reaction in tissues, stimulates hair follicles and blood circulation to the hair root, supplies oxygen and nutrients to base of follicle, retains humidity, avoids dehydration of scalp
|}

=== Hair matrix cell activator ===
Hair matrix cell activator is a substance that acts at the matrix cells in the hair follicle preventing their degradation.

'''What causes hair loss?'''
* Stem cells are interspersed within the basal layer of the outer root sheath and in an area called the bulge.
* Stem cells migrate to hair matrix where they start to divide and differentiate, under the influence of substances produced by cells of the dermal papilla.
* Perifollicular matrix cells undergo slow degradation which prevents follicle stimulation.
* Hair follicle activation is required for hair growth and thus inhibition of follicle activation eventually leads to hair loss.

'''How does hair cell matrix activator treat hair loss?'''
* Hair cell matrix activator slows down and inhibits degradation of the perifollicular matrix.
* This leads to an increase in hair follicle matrix cells that differentiate from progenitor stem cells.
* Matrix activator allows activation of hair matrix cells and therefore follicle stimulation leading to hair growth.

==== Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ====
[http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/fullaccess/fulltext.04023/ft163.pdf Hair matrix cell activator]
[[Image:Hair matrix.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Functions of Hair matrix cell activator ]]

==== IP Map for Hair matrix cell activator ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Pat/Pub#'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nature'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition'''
!width="600" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Composition action'''
|- style="height:50px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
SHISEIDO(1999)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Organic compound
|bgcolor=LightCyan|(2-substituted oxyphenyl) alkanamide derivative and its salt
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Mechanism of action has not been made clear, having excellent hair follicle activating action and regrowth promoting effect
|- style="height:50px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
L'OREAL(1998)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptides
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease (MMP-9) inhibitor (thiol or a hydroxamate) other than chelating calcium ions
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Reducing the expression of MMPs (Metalloproteases) in the scalp - slows down or inhibits the degradation of the perifollicular matrix (extracellular matrix surrounding the hair follicle)
|}

== Technology mapping based on patents analyzed ==

=== IPMap: Composition nature matrix ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="11", style="#008080"
!width="120" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Year'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Organic Compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extracts'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Peptides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Nucleotides'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Natural extract + Organic comp'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2005
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2004
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|BLOTECH (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2003
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|APHIOS (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|FUNDACION (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2002
|bgcolor=LightCyan|WARNER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2001
|bgcolor=LightCyan |PFIZER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|LG HEALTH-CARE (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2000
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1) / N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1999
|bgcolor=LightCyan|SHISEDIO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|COLOMER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1998
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|L’OREAL (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1995
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|N/A (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1987
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|KAO (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1982
|bgcolor=LightCyan|UNILEVER (1)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|bgcolor=LightCyan|....
|}

=== Focus of patents ===

{| border="1" cellpadding="17", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Focus of patents'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="100" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2-substituted oxyphenyl alkanamide derivative having excellent hair growth effect.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Thyromimetic compounds, and its role in treating hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Saw Palmetto berry extract, pumpkin seed extract, sitosterol and quercetin for the treatment and prevention of the biologically detrimental effects of DHT
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4-cycloalkoxy benzonitriles and its use as androgen receptor modulators
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Supercritical fluid isolate of Saw Palmetto, Sperol for inhibition of 5-.alpha.-reductase activity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|New class of quinolin-2-ones and chromen-2-ones andtheir use as androgen receptor antagonists
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Antiandrogen oligonucleotides usable for the treatment of dermatological androgen-related disorders
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Bradykinin antagonists for stimulating or inducing hair growth and/or arresting hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Extract from walnut leaves and/or pericarps as 5 alpha -reductase inhibitor
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Stimulating hair growth using benzopyrans
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Sophora flavescens extract, Coicis semen extract, clove extract, etc for promoting hair growth, function of cell activity and dilating peripheral blood vessels.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Compositions to prevent or reduce hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostaglandin EP-3 receptor antagonists for reducing hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Synergic effect arising from the interaction of active ingredients, consisting of three plant extracts and a synthetic organosilicic compound for prevent hair loss and stimulate hair growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Metalloprotease inhibitors to induce and/or stimulate the growth
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method of decreasing sebum production and pore size
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277699%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277699&RS=DN/20050277699 US20050277699 ]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Method for reducing sebum on the hair and skin
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4529587.PN.&OS=PN/4529587&RS=PN/4529587 US4529587]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|17
|}

=== Technology focus===
[[Image:Technologyfocus2.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Technology focus]]

=== Distribution of patents ===

==== By patent types ====
[[Image:Didtribution.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on patent types ]]

==== By key ingredients ====
[[Image:key1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of key ingredients]]

==== By target disease ====
[[Image:target.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution based on target diseases]]

==== Key ingredients vs. Target disease ====
[[Image:key&target1.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Key ingredients vs. Target disease]]

==== Target species ====
[[Image:Species.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Target species]]

==== Mode of administration ====
[[Image:Mode.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Mode of administration]]

==== Product type vs. Product form ====
[[Image:prod.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Product type vs. Product form]]

==== Patents by target diseases ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="16", style="#008080"
!width="800" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Target disease/ disorder'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Rec. no.'''
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, alopecia pityrodes or alopecia seborrheica, or androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220020052498%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020052498&RS=DN/20020052498 US20020052498]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|1
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030007941%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030007941&RS=DN/20030007941 US20030007941]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenic alopecia (i.e. male pattern baldness), prostatic hyperplasia or both.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009430%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009430&RS=DN/20060009430 US20060009430]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Inappropriate activation of the androgen receptor, acne, oily skin, alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009427%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009427&RS=DN/20060009427 US20060009427]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|4
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer, hirsutism, acne, male pattern baldness, seborrhea, and other diseases related to androgen hyperactivity
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050118282%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050118282&RS=DN/20050118282 US20050118282]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|5
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, acne, oily skin, prostrate cancer, hirsutism, and benign prostate hyperplasia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050085467%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050085467&RS=DN/20050085467 US20050085467]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|6
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgen-associated hair loss and androgen-skin related disorders.
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060009429%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060009429&RS=DN/20060009429 US20060009429]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|7
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic or androgenic alopecia or androgeno-genetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220030073616%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20030073616&RS=DN/20030073616 US20030073616]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|8
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Diseases caused by testosterone (male-pattern alopecia)
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0279010&F=0 EP0279010]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|9
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia areata, female pattern hair loss, hair loss secondary to chemotherapy or radiation treatment, stress-related hair loss, self-induced hair loss, scarring alopecia, and alopecia in non-human mammal
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040157856%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040157856&RS=DN/20040157856 US20040157856]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|10
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050053572%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050053572&RS=DN/20050053572 US20050053572]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|11
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Alopecia, androgenic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220060052405%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20060052405&RS=DN/20060052405 US20060052405]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|12
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Hair loss
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050123577%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050123577&RS=DN/20050123577 US20050123577]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|13
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Male pattern alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6447762.PN.&OS=PN/6447762&RS=PN/6447762 US6447762]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|14
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Androgenetic, androgenic or androgenogenetic alopecia
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040071647%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040071647&RS=DN/20040071647 US20040071647]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|15
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Curing other scalp related problems
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050244362%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050244362&RS=DN/20050244362 US20050244362]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|16
|}

==== Patents by application ====
[[Image:application.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Distribution of patents based on application]]

==== [[List of patents]] ====

== Pathways and linkages ==

=== Pathways associated with hair matrix cell activation===

'''Molecular mediators of hair follicle embryogenesis:''' Identification of the molecular pathways controlling differentiation and proliferation in mammalian hair follicles provides the crucial link to understanding the regulation of normal hair growth, the basis of hereditary hair loss diseases, and the origin of follicle-based tumors. Homeobox (hox), hedgehog (hh), patched (ptc), wingless (wg}/wnt, disheveled (dsh), engrailed (en), Notch 1 and armadillo/B-catenin genes are all critical for hair follicle.

* '''Wnt pathway:''' Maintains hair-inducing activity of the dermal papilla.
* '''Hedgehog pathway:''' Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling plays a critical role in hair follicle development. Sonic hedgehog gene. Sonic hedgehog, SHH for short, helps guide hair follicles from a resting stage into growth activity. SHH is particularly important in the embryonic formation of hair follicles.
* '''STAT pathway'''
* '''TGF beta/BMP Pathway:''' Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling have been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. BMP2 is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm, but then localizes to the early hair follicle placode and underlying mesenchyme. BMP4 is expressed in the early dermal condensate. Research results show that BMPs are a key component of the signaling network controlling hair development and are required to induce the genetic program regulating hair shaft differentiation in the anagen hair follicle. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), inhibits mitogen - induced dermal papilla cell proliferation
* '''FGF Pathway:''' Fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) potentiate the growth of dermal papilla cells. It is proposed that these proteins increase the synthesis of stromelysin (an enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase) which acts on the papilla cells and accelerates their growth.
* '''MAPK Pathway:''' Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increases keratinocyte turnover.
* '''NOTCH Pathway''': Notch-1 is expressed in ectodermal-derived cells of the follicle, in the inner cells of the embryonic placode and the follicle bulb, and in the suprabasal cells of the mature outer root sheath. Delta-1, one of the three ligands is only expressed during embryonic follicle development and is exclusive to the mesenchymal cells of the pre-papilla located beneath the follicle placode, and appears to promote and accelerate placode formation, while suppressing placode formation in surrounding cells. Other ligands, Serrate 1 and Serrate 2, are expressed in matrix cells destined to form the inner root sheath and hair shaft.

=== Pathways associated with Anti Androgen===
[[Image:Slide1.GIF|thumb|center|700 px|Alopecia pathways]]

==== Players of Wnt inhibition Pathway ====
[[Image:wnt.jpg|thumb|right|200 px|Wnt inhibition]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="15", style="#008080"
!width="150" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Patent no.'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Key compound'''
!width="200" bgcolor=DodgerBlue|'''Players of inhibition'''
|- style="height:10px"
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6989385.PN.&OS=PN/6989385&RS=PN/6989385 US6989385]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=lightyellow|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Pyrazole compounds
|bgcolor=lightyellow|CDK,GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6974819.PN.&OS=PN/6974819&RS=PN/6974819 US6974819]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrimidine derivative
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6743791.PN.&OS=PN/6743791&RS=PN/6743791 US6743791]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Heterocyclic compounds
|bgcolor=LightCyan|AKT3, GSK-3, ERK2
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050277773%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050277773&RS=DN/20050277773 US20050277773]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220040072836%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20040072836&RS=DN/20040072836 US20040072836]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Aza-oxindole derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP1477489&F=0 EP1477489]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO0056710&F=0 WO0056710]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|3-(Anilinomethylene) oxindoles
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, AKT, PKC
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO03011287&F=0 WO2003011287]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Pyrazolon derivatives
|bgcolor=LightCyan|GSK3, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6924141.PN.&OS=PN/6924141&RS=PN/6924141 US6924141]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Lithium chloride, Wnt3/4/ 7
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin, GSK3, Wnt
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6706685.PN.&OS=PN/6706685&RS=PN/6706685 US6706685]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6683048.PN.&OS=PN/6683048&RS=PN/6683048 US6683048]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence
|bgcolor=LightCyan|α-catenin, β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6677116.PN.&OS=PN/6677116&RS=PN/6677116 US6677116]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|-
|bgcolor=LightCyan|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6303576.PN.&OS=PN/6303576&RS=PN/6303576 US6303576]
|bgcolor=LightCyan|Peptide sequence LXXLL
|bgcolor=LightCyan|β-catenin
|}

==== Role of Pyrazole compounds in Wnt Pathway====
'''Pyrazole'''
* '''Pyrazole''' (C3H4N2) refers both to the class of simple aromatic ring organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a 5-membered ring structure composed of three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms in adjacent positions and to the unsubstituted parent compound. Being so composed and having pharmacological effects on humans, they are classified as alkaloids although they are not known to occur in nature.
* Pyrazoles are produced synthetically through the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with hydrazine and subsequent dehydrogenation
[[Image:pyrazole1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Pyrazole (C3H4N2)]]
* Pyrazoles are used for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiarrhythmic, tranquilizing, muscle relaxing, psychoanaleptic, anticonvulsant, monoamineoxidase inhibiting, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities.
* Structurally related compounds are pyrazoline and pyrazolidine.
[[Image:pyrazole2.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Structurally related compounds]]

==== GSK3 inhibition by pyrazole compounds ====
[[Image:bold3.jpg]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="2", style="#008080"
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6989385+&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=0&f=S&l=50 US6989385]
[[Image:US6989385.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6664247.PN.&OS=PN/6664247&RS=PN/6664247 US6664247]
[[Image:US6664247.jpg]]
!width="350"|[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2005012256&F=0 WO2005012256]
[[Image:WO2005012256.jpg]]
|-
|bgcolor=lightcyan|R1=T-Ring D, wherein
T is a valence bond and
Ring D = 5-6 membered aryl or heteroaryl ring;

R2 = hydrogen or C1-4 aliphatic and
R2'= hydrogen;

R3 = -R, -OR, or -N(R4)2, wherein
R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, 5-6 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl, and
L is -O-, -S-, or -NH-; and
Ring D is substituted by up to three substituents selected from -halo, -CN, -NO2, -N(R4)2, optionally substituted C1-6 aliphatic group, -OR, -C(O)R, -CO2R, -CONH(R<4>), -N(R4)COR, -N(R4)CO2R, -SO2N(R4)2, -N(R4)SO2R, -N(R6)COCH2N(R4)2, -N(R6)COCH2CH2N(R4)2, or -N(R6)COCH2CH2CH2N(R4)2, wherein R = hydrogen, C1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring, or 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X = R1-A-NR4- or a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; A is a bond, S02, C=O, NRg(C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen or C1-4 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy; Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;

R1 is hydrogen; carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono- or di-C1-4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected from 0, S, NH, SO, S02;

R2 is hydrogen; halogen; C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy); R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; and

R4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e.g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e.g. methoxy).

|bgcolor=lightcyan|X is a groupR1-A-NR4-or a 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
A is a bond,SO2, C=O, NRg (C=O) or O(C=O) wherein Rg is hydrogen orC14 hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxy or C1-4 alkoxy;Y is a bond or an alkylene chain of 1,2 or 3 carbon atoms in length;R'is hydrogen; a carbocyclic or heterocyclic group having from 3 to 12 ring members; or a C1-8 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxy, C1-4 hydrocarbyloxy, amino, mono-ordi-Cl 4 hydrocarbylamino, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members, and wherein 1 or 2 of the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group may optionally be replaced by an atom or group selected fromO, S, NH, SO, SO2 ;R2 is hydrogen; halogen;C14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy); or aC14 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl orC14 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy);R3 is selected from hydrogen and carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups having from 3 to 12 ring members; andR4 is hydrogen or a C1-4 hydrocarbyl group optionally substituted by halogen (e. g. fluorine), hydroxyl or C1-4 alkoxy (e. g. methoxy).
|}

==== Inhibition by amine derivatives ====

'''Patent Number''': US6989385
'''Applicant''': ''Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated''
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol1.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6989385 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US7008948
'''Applicant''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Fused pyrimidyl pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure'''

[[Image:pyrazol2.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US7008948 patent]]

'''Patent Number''': US6977262
'''Assignee''': Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation
'''Title''': Dihydropyrazolopyridine compounds and pharmaceutical use thereof

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol3.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6977262 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US6664247
'''Assignee''': Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors'''

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol4.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US6664247 patent]]

----
'''Patent Number''': US2004224944
'''Assignee''': VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INC
'''Title''': Pyrazole compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

'''Basic Structure''':

[[Image:pyrazol5.jpeg]]

[[Derivatives of pyrimidine-pyrazole amine disclosed in US2004224944 patent]]

[[Other derivates for alopecia]]

==== GSK-3 Inhibition Mechanism - Phosphorylation====
* ''GSK-3 inhibition targets treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia'' [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/5/15 source]
* In the canonical Wnt signaling cascade, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axin, and GSK3 constitute the so-called destruction complex, which controls the stability of beta-catenin. It is generally believed that four conserved Ser/Thr residues in the N terminus of beta-catenin are the pivotal targets for the constitutively active serine kinase GSK3. GSK3 covalently modifies beta-catenin by attaching phosphate groups (from ATP) to serine, and threonine residues. In so doing, the functional properties of the protein kinase’s substrate (beta-catenin) are modified.

* In the absence of Wnt signals, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) is presumed to phosphorylate the N-terminal end of beta-catenin, thus promote degradation of beta-catenin and subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal targeting.

* Exposure of cells to Wnts leads to inactivation of GSK-3 through an as yet unclear mechanism.The phosphoprotein Dishevelled is required, after receptor-ligand interaction, to transduce the signal that results in the inactivation of GSK-3. As a result, beta-catenin is dephosphorylated and escapes the ubiqduitylation-dependent destruction machinery.

* Unphosphorylated beta-catanin accumulates in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus, where it can associate with the TCF/LEFs and become a transcriptional transactivator.

'''[[More details on GSK-3]]'''

'''Key points'''

* Beta-catenin phosphorylation at serine 45 (Ser45), threonine 41 (Thr41), Ser37, and Ser33 is critical for beta-catenin degradation. [http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/132/5/697 source]
* Regulation of beta-catenin phosphorylation is a central part of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ProduktNr=223838&ArtikelNr=66755&filename=66755.pdf source]
* Ser-X-X-X-Ser (X is any amino acid) motif is obligatory for beta-catenin phosphorylation by GSK3.[http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:He,X source]
* Beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation and its regulation by Wnt can occur normally in the absence of Thr41 as long as the Ser-X-X-X-Ser motif/spacing is preserved. [httSp://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2006/45/i16/abs/bi0601149.html source]

'''GK3 Inhibition:'''

* GSK3 is regulated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of GSK3beta on Ser9 (Ser21 in GSK3alpha) by protein kinase B (PKB) causes its inactivation is the primary mechanism responsible for growth factor inhibition of this kinase. Activation of GSK3beta is dependent upon the phosphorylation of Tyr216 (Tyr279 in GSK3alpha). Upon activation, it has been shown to phosphorylate a number of different cellular proteins, including p53, c-Myc, c-Jun, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), beta-catenin and cyclin D1. [http://www.bioreagents.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/OPA1-03082 source]
* GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. [http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Friedman,AB source]
* GSK3’s substrate specificity is unique in that phosphorylation of substrate only occurs if a phosphoserine or phosphotyrosine is present four residues C-terminal to the site of GSK phosphorylation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430833&dopt=Abstract source]
* A phosphorylation cascade starts from GSK3 itself and initiates it in beta-catenin. [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/16/2073 source]
* Thus our goal is to stop the phosphorylation of the serine and threonine residue of GSK3.
* The figure below illustrates the phosphorylation mechanism of serine and threonine by ATP.

[[image:GSK3_phosphorylation.jpg|400 px|center|thumb|Phosphorylation mechanism [http://images.google.com/images?q=tbn:DGnhgZ7y7pSejM:bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture26/phosphoaa.gif source]]]

* We can't stop conversion of ADP to ATP that relaseas Phosphorous group causing Phosphorylation.
* We can only block the oxygen atom on serine and threonine as a result which will in turn stop Phosphorylation.
* The two probable ways of blocking the oxygen atom are (a) As oxygen is a Lewis acid with strong electron donating capacity, so usually a strong electron pair acceptor can easily bind to oxygen atom and preventing phosphorylation or (b) breaking of the -OH bond with the carbon atom.

'''Serine - pyrazole reaction'''

[[image:serine-pyrazol.jpg|600 px|center|thumb|Serine and Pyrazole reaction [http://www.genome.ad.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn+R03134 source]]]

* The T-loop of GSK-3 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Y216 and Y279 in GSK-3b and GSK-3a, respectively, but not threonine phosphorylated. Y216/Y279 phosphorylation could play a role in forcing open the substrate (e.g, beta-catanin)-binding site.

* Thus, T-loop tyrosine might facilitate substrate phosphorylation but is not strictly required for kinase activity.

* Stimulation of cells with pyrazole compounds cause inactivation of GSK-3 through phosphorylation (S9 of GSK-3 beta and S21 of GSK-3 alpha), which inhibits GSK-3 activity. Thus leading to dephosphorylation of substrates (e.g., beta-catanin) resulting in their functional activation and consequent increased hair follicle morphogenisis.

* Phosphorylation of S9/S21 creates a primed pesudosubstrate that binds intramolecularly to the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3. This folding precludes phosphorylation of substrates (eg., beta-catanin) because the catalytic groove is occupied. The mechanism of inhibition is competitive.

* A consequence of this is that primed substrates, in high enough concentrations, out-compete the pesudosubstrate and thus become phosphorylated.

* Thus, small molecule inhibitors modeled to fit in the positively charged pocket of the GSK-3 kinease domain could potentially be very effective for selective inhibition of primed substrates.

'''Proposed mechanisms to regulate GSK-3''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12615961 source]

# inactivation of GSK-3 through serine phosphorylation
# activation of GSK-3 through tyrosine phosphorylation
# inactivation of GSK-3 through tyrosine dephosphorylation
# Covalant modifications of substrates through priming phosphorylation
# inhibition or facilation of GSK-3 mediated substrate phosphorylation thriugh interation of GSK-3 with binding or scaffolding proteins
# targeting of GSK-3 to different subcellular localizations
# differential usage of isoforms or splice variants to alter subcellular localization or substrate specificity
# integration of parellel signals conveyed by a signal stimulus.

'''Key Finding'''
* '''Pyrazole compounds with inhibition constant (Ki) of <0.1 mM''' are a good starting point for developing molecules that can inhibit serine/threonine protein kinase (such as GSK-3) and the proteins they help to regulate. [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=patentwatch%5Carchive%5C011204_patentwatch.html source]

=== Pathway associated with anti-androgen ===

* Dihydrotestosterone
** Formed by peripheral conversion of testosterone by 5-alpha reductase
** Binds to androgen receptor on susceptible hair follicles
* Hormone-receptor complex activates genes responsible for gradual transformation of large terminal follicles to miniaturized (progressive diminution of hair shaft diameter and length in response to systemic androgens) follicles

[[Image:5-alpha-reductase inhibition.jpeg|center|500 px]]

==== Structure-Activity Relationships(SARs) ====
[[Image:SAR_map.gif|center|600px]]

=== Pathway associated with Minoxidil (vasodilators) ===
Minoxidil is a well know drug used for the treatment of alopecia. A co-relation between Sesquiterpene lactone (Helenalin) produced from Arnica montana and Minoxidil is illustrated in the figure below. Arnica montana, a Vasodilator, acts on the NO/cGMP Pathway through T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells & abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression.
[[image:vasodiator-rev.jpg|800 px|center]]

== Patent activity in China ==

== Conclusions ==
* Hair loss medication is a very active area of research and intellectual property development.
* One of the most promising areas of development is the area of Anti-androgens.
* The top companies are Merck, L’Oreal and Smithkline.

== Questions Dolcera Answers ==

'''What’s hot?'''
* What compositions/ approaches are the most promising?
* What can I license?
* Can you map blockbuster products to their patents?

'''Can you save me some time?'''
* What combinations/ compounds have already been tried?
* Is any empirical data available?
* Can you tell me the side effects?

'''Where should I focus my R&D investment?'''
* What are the most promising approaches?
* Where’s the ‘white space’ for me to play in?

'''Any hints for research?'''
* Are there any combinations I could develop?

'''What should I do in this geography?'''
* What are my competitors up to in this geography?
* What are my strengths/ weaknesses here?

'''What’s my competition up to?'''

* What’s my top competitor investing in?
* Are there any loopholes in their patents?
* When are their patents expiring?
* Will a competitor emerge from nowhere and surprise me?
* What are the crowded areas?

'''How do I play defense?'''
* What should my blocking/reactive strategies be?

Diabetes products and services

2007-01-04T07:02:05Z

121.247.113.223: /* Presentation */

== Client brief ==
Identify products and services for people suffering from diabetes or those that could prevent or reduce the chances of getting diabetes. Dolcera will:
# Keep track of products and services in diabetes worldwide
# Prepare an overall knowledge map of diabetes problem: science challenge/technical challenge and map them to food and other products
# Track emerging patents and technical trends related to food and beverages for diabetes
# Provide ongoing monitoring service that keeps clients up to speed over time

The report should be similar to the [http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_-_Hair_Loss alopecia report], with the ''science'' driving the story.

Geographies of interest:
* Japan, US and Western Europe: for science
* Australia, NZ may be an area of interest: might have some good things going on in the food areas

Other notes:
* Client is not so much interested in competition: not a big deal
* "Try to develop products to create a new market: e.g. Oreo cookies without sugar; what kind of flavor or taste technology needed - what are the emerging technologies that could preserve taste and good mouth feel without sugar?"
* Interested in patents and technologies in diabetes
* Sugar-free is not the only thing
* Map the science and knowledge map of diabetes: disease states and food products

'''Dec 26 - more notes from the client'''

I know that you are focused on sugar based products. But, I know that transfats made from hydrogenating vegtable oils is a big issue and timely as well. So we need to make sure we are covering enough of the diabetes food related problem so that they can see that there is a lot that they will want to track.

Also, they will want some ready to go products already exiting in the world that they could add to their food lineup.

They sell cheeses, snacks and so on. But about any food items that are sold via mass are ok.

==[[Diabetes Overview]]==

=== News stories ===
* [http://health.msn.com/dietfitness/articlepage.aspx?cp-documentid=100144067 One of the top stories on Reddit - Dec 26, 2006]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/26/health/26workplace.html?hp&ex=1167195600&en=79c108081b2bd0e3&ei=5094&partner=homepage Home page story on New York Times - Dec 26, 2006]
* "Today nearly one out of every 10 adults in the US has diabetes. Among people over 60, that figure is even higher - one in five. But what's most alarming is that many people don't know they have diabetes until they develop one of its terrible complications - like heart disease, blindness or stroke.": University of California, San Francisco Diabetes Center

===Total Prevalence of Diabetes & Pre-diabetes (US)===
* '''Total''': 20.8 million children and adults -- 7.0% of the population -- have diabetes.
* '''Diagnosed''': 14.6 million people
* '''Undiagnosed''': 6.2 million people
* '''Pre-diabetes''': 54 million people
* 1.5 million new cases of diabetes were diagnosed in people aged 20 years or older in 2005. ([http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-statistics/prevalence.jsp Source])

===Calories and food consumption - US===
<table>
<tr>
<td>[[image:calories consumption.jpeg|thumb|center|380 px]]
</td>
<td>[[image:food consumption.jpeg|thumb|center|400 px]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[image:Milk.jpeg|thumb|center|380 px]]
</td>
<td>[[image:Fat consumption.jpeg|thumb|center|400 px]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[image:Vegetables.jpeg|thumb|center|380 px]]
</td>
<td>[[image:Fruits.jpeg|thumb|center|400 px]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[image:Meat products.jpeg|thumb|center|380 px]]
</td>
<td>[[image:Sweetener consumption.jpeg|thumb|center|400 px]]
</td>
</tr>
</table>

* Drinking Coffee Helps Lower the Chance of Getting of Type 2 Diabetes [http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-research/summaries/Smith-drinking-coffee-lowers-risk.jsp Source]
* Coffee and Green Tea May Help Prevent Type 2 Diabetes [http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-research/summaries/iso-coffee-green-tea.jsp Source]

===Maintaining a healthy weight is a challenge for most Americans===
*66.3% of the adult population in the US weigh more than is healthy Where you carry your fat is important. Fat in the mid-section – visceral fat – is worse, as this fat surrounds and invades vital organs. Few Americans add muscle and bone after their early twenties so nearly all added weight is fat
* Daily caloric intake is the number of calories needed per day to maintain your current weight. Maintaining a healthy weight is a balancing act of calories consumed versus calories burned
Weight change = calories in – calories out
* Small increases in daily caloric intake cause increases in body fat mass (Figure 1)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_01.png|Figure 1. Cumulative effect of small daily imbalances in energy intake on body fat mass]]

* From 1971-2000 there was a statistically significant increase in average caloric intake—2,450 kcals to 2,618 kcals in men (''P ''<nowiki><</nowiki> 0.01) and 1,541 kcals to 1,877 kcals in women (''P ''<nowiki><</nowiki> 0.01) (Figure 2)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_02.png|Figure 2. Caloric intake from 1971-2000]]

* Today, adult men and adult women are almost 25 pounds heavier than 40 years ago (Figure 2). Children aged 6-11 are almost 9 pounds heavier. Teen boys and girls are 15 and 12 pounds heavier respectively, topping the scales in 2002 at 141 pounds and 130 pounds
* Obesity ranks low on the list of serious health problems. Only 9% of respondents to a national survey indicated their own weight was a problem, despite more than 50% were overweight
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_03.png|Figure 3. Mean weight for men and women over the last 40 years]]

* As the average daily caloric intake has increased, the percentage of caloric intake from fat decreased, and the percentage from carbohydrates increased significantly for both men and women (Figures 4 and 5)

[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_04.png|Figure 4. Percentage of caloric intake from fat from 1971-2000]]

[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_05.png|Figure 5. Percentage of caloric intake from carbohydrates from 1971-2000]]

'''Dietary habits can help pile on the pounds'''

* Consumption of food away from home, increased consumption of salty snacks, soft drinks and pizza, and increased portion sizes have contributed to increased caloric intake
* Over the last 20 years portions have grown significantly
** With the exception of white bread, the sizes of marketplace portions exceed federal standards by at least a factor of 2 and sometime 8<sup><nowiki>[</nowiki></sup>
o Items in fast food restaurants are 2 to 5 times larger than 2 decades ago due to the increased variety of available portion sizes
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_06.png|Figure 6. Increase in portion size from 1977-1996]]
* The increases in portion size are significant and result in more calories consumed. An added 10 kcal/day of unexpended energy is equivalent to an extra pound of weight per year (Figure 6)

'''Americans need to pay more attention to what we eat and our activity levels'''
* Recent guidelines from the American Heart Association focus on both a healthy diet and healthy lifestyle to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease
* Recommended calorie intake will differ for individuals based on age, gender, and activity level, as seen in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005, available at: [http://www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines].
* Lifestyle activity levels are directly tied to calorie consumption in the body. Lifestyle activity levels have been defined as:
** Sedentary means a lifestyle that includes only the light physical activity associated with typical day-to-day life
** Moderately active means a lifestyle that includes physical activity (consuming 3.5 to 7 calories/min) equivalent to walking about 1.5 to 3 miles per day at 3 to 4 miles per hour, in addition to the light physical activity associated with typical day-to-day life
** Active means a lifestyle that includes physical activity (consuming <nowiki>></nowiki> 7 calories/minute) equivalent to walking more than 3 miles per day at 3 to 4 miles per hour, in addition to the light physical activity associated with typical day-to-day life

* The recent Dietary Reference Intakes publication recommends
** Fat intake:
*** 30% to 40% kcal in children 1 to 3 years
*** 25% to 35% kcal in children 4 to 18 years
*** 20% to 35% kcal in adults
** Protein intake:
*** 5% to 20% kcal in children 1 to 3 years old
*** 10% to 30% kcal in children 4 to 18 years old
*** 10% to 35% kcal in adults
** Carbohydrate intake:
*** 45% to 65% kcal in all children and adults

'''Diet and exercise can make a difference in your overall health'''
* Weight reduction requires a careful balance of fat, protein and carbohydrate intake (Figure 7)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_07.png|Figure 7. Nutrient content of a weight-reducing diet]]
* The Nurse<nowiki>’</nowiki>s Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study demonstrated that middle-aged women and men who gained 11-22 pounds after age 20 were up to 3 times more likely to develop heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and gallstones than those who gained 5 pounds or fewer
* Weight loss of 5% to 15% of total body weight can lower an individual<nowiki>’</nowiki>s chance of heart disease or having a stroke, as weight loss may improve blood pressure, triglycerides, cholesterol levels, decrease inflammation throughout the body, and improve mental health and quality of life. Moderate intentional weight loss sustained over time may be associated with reduced mortality
* Only 8% of American adults are aware of the link between overweight and cancer.<br>Overweight leads to insulin resistance and may be linked to breast cancer, aggressive prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and endometrial, kidney, pancreatic and esophagus cancer as well as lymphomas
* Higher levels of physical activity promote long-term weight loss better than conventional recommendations for low to moderate activity (Figure 8)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_08.png|Figure 8. Effect of physical activity on body weight]]
* People who exercise regularly achieve better maintenance of weight loss and have beneficial effects on their cardiovascular, physical and psychological well-being
* Compared to a low-fat diet or conventional weight loss diet, a low-carbohydrate diet program had better participant retention and greater weight loss—there were beneficial effects on serum triglyceride levels and high density lipoprotein as well as improved glycemic control
* Diet and exercise may prevent or delay the onset of diabetes
** Modest weight loss and changes in lifestyle reduced the 3-year incidence of type 2 diabetes by 58%
** Weight loss strategies using dietary, physical activity or behavioral interventions produced significant improvements in weight among person with pre-diabetes, and a significant decrease in diabetes incidence
* Dietary guidelines encourage eating fewer calories, being more active and making wise food choices. Making wise food choices involves a careful look at nutrition labels and calories consumed. Carbohydrates and protein each contain 4 calories/gram while alcohol and fat contain 7 calories and 9 calories per gram, respectively. Don<nowiki>’</nowiki>t waste the daily allotment with empty calories – calories do count

===The Universe for Reducing Calories is Expanding===
'''Prevalence of overweight and obese adults is increasing'''
* Obesity among all ages, races, educational levels, and smoking levels is increasing
* Between 1991 and 2001 prevalence of obesity increased by 74% – 21.4 million obese men and 22.9 million obese women
* During this same time period the percentage of overweight adults increased from 45% to 58%
* In 2004, obese adults represented ≥ 25% of the adult population in 9 of the 50 states (Figure 1)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_09.png|Figure 1. Prevalence of obesity among US adults, 1991, 1996 and 2004.]]

* In 2003, more than 136,000,000 American adults were overweight, and this number continues to grow
* Recent evidence suggests that increases in body weight in women may be leveling off, though no specific reason for the trend was given

'''Prevalence of overweight among children has tripled'''
* Figure 2 shows the change in percent of overweight children, 6-12 and 12-19 years of age, from data analyzed in the mid 1960s and at the turn of the century
* In 2003-2004, '''''17.1% of children and adolescents 2-19 years of age (over 12.5 million) were overweight'''''
* Prevalence of overweight among girls increased from 13.8% in 1999 to 16.0% in 2004
* Prevalence of overweight among boys increased from 14.0% to 18.2% during the same time frame
* Overweight is associated with a number of comorbidities in children
* Metabolic, orthopedic, cardiovascular, psychological, neurological, hepatic, pulmonary and renal comorbid conditions can exist
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_10.png|Figure 2. Prevalence of pediatric obesity]]

'''Body mass index (BMI), calculated with height and weight, is used to define overweight and obesity'''

* The NHLBI defines underweight, normal weight, overweight and 3 classes of obesity based on BMI (Table 1)
* BMI = kg/m<sup>2</sup> <nowiki>{</nowiki>BMI = weight (pounds) x 703 ÷ height squared (inches)<nowiki>}</nowiki>
* BMI and waist circumference correlate with the amount of body fat; both are surrogate markers of body fat

'''Table 1. Defining overweight and obesity.'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center"|'''Classifications of BMI'''
|align = "center"|'''BMI'''
|-
|align = "center"|Underweight
|align = "center"|<nowiki><</nowiki> 18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|align = "center"|Normal weight
|align = "center"|18.5-24.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|align = "center"|Overweight
|align = "center"|25-29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|align = "center"|Obesity (Class 1)
|align = "center"|30-30.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|align = "center"|Obesity (Class 2)
|align = "center"|35-39.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|align = "center"|Extreme obesity (Class 3)
|align = "center"|<nowiki>></nowiki> 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|}

'''Obesity and weight gain are associated with an increased risk of diabetes'''
* Prevalence of obesity from 1991 to 2001 correlates with the increased prevalence of diabetes<sup> </sup>(Figure 4)
* Between 1990 and 2001 the prevalence of diabetes increased 61%
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_12.png|Figure 4. Prevalence of obesity and diabetes among US adults, 1991 and 2001.]]

* In 2003, 14,100,000 Americans had been diagnosed with diabetes
* More than 80% of type 2 diabetes patients are either overweight or obese
* Diabetic women are at increased risk of major cardiovascular disease and represent the only group where cardiovascular mortality is increasing

'''There is a progression from normal blood sugar to type 2 diabetes'''

* Prediabetes is a new term for a condition found in adults before they are diagnosed with diabetes
* Prediabetes is characterized by higher than normal blood glucose levels, either impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance not yet high enough to be classified as diabetes
* Almost all diabetic patients go through a phase called impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (Figure 5)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_13.png|Figure 5. Progression to diabetes]]
* Based on projected NHANES III data, the number of prediabetic individuals was almost 12 million in 2000 among overweight individuals (Figure 6)
*• Patients with prediabetes have the potential to develop diabetes within a decade if no modifications to their diet and level of physical activity are made
* Over 50 million adults ages 40-74 have prediabetes, of which 1 in 4 will develop type 2 diabetes
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_14.png|Figure 6. Proportion of overweight adults with IFG only, IFG and IGT, and IGT only]]

* Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors is high among patients with prediabetes:
** 94.9% had dyslipidemia
** 56.5% had hypertension
** 13.9% had microalbuminuria
** 16.6% were current smokers
* Prediabetes increases a person<nowiki>’</nowiki>s risk for an MI or stroke by 50%

'''Obesity and diabetes can be prevented'''

* The 1979 Surgeon General<nowiki>’</nowiki>s Report, ''Healthy People'', laid the foundation for a national prevention agenda to ensure that good health, as well as long life, are enjoyed by all
* The Healthy People 2010 objective is to reduce the prevalence of '''''obesity among adults to <nowiki><</nowiki> 15%, and to have <nowiki>></nowiki> 60% of the adult population in the normal weight range'''''
* Another Healthy People 2010 objective is to reduce the number of '''''overweight or obese children and adolescents aged 6-19 years to 5%'''''
* The American Diabetes Association recommends that all overweight people 45 years of age or older with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose should be classified as having prediabetes and that they are potential candidates for diabetes prevention interventions
* The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) showed that diet and exercise resulting in a 5 to 7 percent weight loss lowered the incidence of type 2 diabetes by 58%
**Participants lost weight by cutting fat and calories in their diet and by exercising at least 30 minutes per day, 5 days per week
== The Essential Elements of Diet Menus for Diabetes==
Diet menus for diabetes need to be
* Low
** in fats, particularly saturated or animal fats
**in white, refined flour
**in cholesterol
**in calories, since obesity dramatically increases the risk of heart disease
**in simple or refined sugars
**in sodium, particularly if elevated blood pressure has already been identified

* High
**in complex carbohydrates, particularly those containing raw fiber. For example: brown bread, brown rice
**in fresh fruits and vegetables
[http://weightlossinternational.com/newsletter/diet-menus-for-diabetes.html Source]

==Food constituents==
===Carbohydrates===
Carbohydrates come from a wide array of foods - bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, corn, and cherry pie. The most common and abundant are sugars, fibers, and starches. The basic building block of a carbohydrate is a sugar molecule, a simple union of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Starches and fibers are essentially chains of sugar molecules.

Carbohydrates were grouped into two main categories:
* Simple carbohydrates included sugars such as fruit sugar (fructose), corn or grape sugar (dextrose or glucose), and table sugar (sucrose).
* Complex carbohydrates included everything made of three or more linked sugars.

[[image:diabetes food pyramid.jpeg|center|600 px|thumb|Diabetes Food Pyramid ([http://www.diabetes.org/nutrition-and-recipes/nutrition/foodpyramid.jsp Source])]]
'''Examples'''
* Simple Carbohydrates
** Fruit juices
** Jams, jellies
** Candy
** Sugar, maple syrup, honey
** Sweeteners in food: dextrose, high fructose, corn syrup
** Kool-Aid
** Cakes, pies, cookies, ice cream, pudding

* Complex Carbohydrates
** Whole grain breads, crackers
** Rice
** Pasta
** Tortillas
** Beans
** Corn, peas, lima beans

Foods contain three major types of nutrients: carbohydrates (carbs), proteins and fats. Carbohydrate foods most often come from plants, such as fruits, vegetables and grains. Carbohydrates are chains of sugar molecules; thus, they have the greatest effect on blood-sugar levels when these chains are digested (broken down).

Complex carbohydrates are longer chains of sugars. They are absorbed more slowly into the blood and cause a slower change in blood sugar than simple carbohydrates. 90-100% of the carbohydrate (CHO) eaten converts to sugar (glucose) within 15 minutes to 1.5 hours. Only 58% of the ingested protein, and less than 10% of fat, are converted into sugar within several hours after consumption. [http://www.mfm-evms.org/dm6acarbsdiabetes.html Source]

[[image:carbohydrates types.jpeg|center|thumbs|800 px]]

====Carbohydrates and the Glycemic Index====
A new system for classifying carbohydrates known as the glycemic index, measures how fast and how far blood sugar rises after you eat a food that contains carbohydrates

White bread, for example, is converted almost immediately to blood sugar, causing it to spike rapidly. It's classified as having a high glycemic index. Brown rice, in contrast, is digested more slowly, causing a lower and more gentle change in blood sugar. It has a low glycemic index.

Diets filled with high-glycemic-index foods, which cause quick and strong increases in blood sugar levels, have been linked to an increased risk for both diabetes and heart disease. [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates.html Source]

'''Glycemic Index'''

The glycemic index measures how fast a food is likely to raise your blood sugar. This can be helpfu. For example, if your blood sugar is low and continuing to drop during exercise, you would prefer to eat a carb that will raise your blood sugar quickly. On the other hand, if you would like to keep your blood sugar from dropping during a few hours of mild activity, you may prefer to eat a carb that has a lower glycemic index and longer action time. If your blood sugar tends to spike after breakfast, you may want to select a cereal that has a lower glycemic index.

'''Factors that influence how quickly the carbohydrates in food raise blood sugar include:'''

* Fiber content. Fiber shields the starchy carbohydrates in food immediate and rapid attack by digestive enzymes. This slows the release of sugar molecules into the bloodstream.
* Ripeness. Ripe fruits and vegetables tend to have more sugar than unripe ones, and so tend to have a higher glycemic index.
* Type of starch. Starch comes in many different configurations. Some are easier to break into sugar molecules than others. The starch in potatoes, for example, is digested and absorbed into the bloodstream relatively quickly.
* Fat content and acid content. The more fat or acid a food contains, the slower its carbohydrates are converted to sugar and absorbed into the bloodstream.
* Physical form. Finely ground grain is more rapidly digested, and so has a higher glycemic index, than more coarsely ground grain.

'''Carbohydrates and the Glycemic Load'''
* Low Glycemic Load
** High-fiber fruits and vegetables (not including potatoes)
** Bran cereals (1 oz)
** Many legumes, including chick peas, kidney beans, black beans, lentils, pinto beans (5 oz cooked, approx. 3/4 cup)
* Medium Glycemic Load
** Pearled barley: 1 cup cooked
** Brown rice: 3/4 cup cooked
** Oatmeal: 1 cup cooked
** Bulgur: 3/4 cup cooked
** Rice cakes: 3 cakes
** Whole grain breads: 1 slice
** Whole-grain pasta: 1 ¼ cup cooked
** No-sugar added fruit juices: 8 oz
* High Glycemic Load
** Baked potato
** French fries
** Refined cereal products: 1 oz
** Sugar-sweetened beverages: 12 oz
** Jelly beans: 10 large or 30 small
** Candy bars: 1 2-oz bar or 3 mini bars
** Couscous: 1 cup cooked
** Cranberry juice cocktail: 8 oz
** White basmati rice: 1 cup cooked
** White-flour pasta: 1¼ cup cooked

====Carbohydrates and Diabetes====

The long-held belief that eating foods containing "sugar" (sweets) will cause your blood glucose levels to rise higher and more quickly than starchy foods (bread, rice, pasta, etc.) has not been supported by scientific evidence. Both are forms of carbohydrates and both cause blood glucose to increase.

Research has shown that your total daily amount of carbohydrate intake affects your blood glucose levels. Carbohydrates have the most immediate effect on blood glucose levels, since carbohydrates are broken down into glucose (sugar) early during digestion. It is important to eat the suggested amount of carbohydrate at each meal, along with some protein, and fat.

Carbohydrates are mainly found in three food groups: Fruit; Milk and Yogurt; and Bread, Cereal, Rice, Pasta and Starchy Vegetables. You will need to consider the total amount of carbohydrates when working out your daily meal plan.

'''Carbohydrate counting'''
Counting grams of carbohydrate and evenly distributing them at meals will help you manage your blood glucose. Carbohydrate counting is a method of meal planning that is a simple way to keep track of the amount of total carbohydrate you eat each day. Instead of following an exchange list, you monitor how much carbohydrate (sugars and starches) you eat daily. One carbohydrate choice is equal to 15 grams of carbohydrate. Note: your consumption of protein and fat still counts as calories.

With carbohydrate counting, you can pick up almost any food product off the shelf, read the label, and use the information about grams of carbohydrate to fit the food into your meal plan.

Carbohydrate counting is most useful for people who take multiple daily injections of insulin, use an insulin pump, or who want more flexibility and variety in their food choices. The amount and type of insulin you are prescribed may affect the flexibility of your meal plan.

A registered dietitian can help you determine how much carbohydrate, as well as other foods, you should include in your daily meal plan.

Carbohydrate counting may not be for everyone, and the traditional method of following food exchange lists may be used instead.

===Fiber===
Fiber is the indigestible part of plant foods that plays an important role in the digestive process. Fiber helps move foods along the digestive tract and adds bulk to stool to speed its passage through the bowel and promote regular bowel movements. Fiber also delays sugar absorption, helping to better control blood glucose levels. In addition, fiber binds with cholesterol and may reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood. Lastly, fiber helps prevent constipation and reduces the risk of certain intestinal disorders.

The goal for all Americans is to consume 25 to 35 grams of fiber per day. The best way to increase your fiber intake is to eat more of these fiber-rich foods:
* Fresh fruits and vegetables
* Cooked dried beans and peas
* Whole grain breads, cereals, and crackers
* Brown rice
* Bran products

[http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/2600/2619.asp?index=9825 Source]
===Cheese===
* Glycemic Index: 60
* Glycemic Index Rating: Medium
* Glycemic Response to Cheese Pizza: Carbs in Cheese Pizza have a medium effect on blood sugar levels.
* Constituents: protein, calcium, riboflavin and fat (as a cup of whole milk - Lactose sugar)

===Proteins===
Beans and legumes are another excellent source of protein for humans. Beans do not contain all the essential amino acids when cooked in their usual manner, but through sprouting (link to sprouting) them you can enjoy a full spectrum of amino acids in an alkaline forming low glycemic index food. [http://www.ortogo.com/php/learning/build_art.php?67 Source]

===Vegetables===
Vegetables contain low glycemic, often considered “free food” carbohydrate sources. [http://www.ortogo.com/php/learning/build_art.php?67 Source]

===Legumes===
Legumes are a dense source of carbohydrate and certain amino acids. They are rich in fiber which helps to keep you clean on the inside. Low on the glycemic index legumes are a great source of energy for an active body. Legumes: Almost all legumes have a moderate glycemic index. They also provide a source of water-soluble fiber that is valuable for lowering cholesterol. They also provide phytoestrogens, which may provide health benefits. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_nhi4446/is_10/ai_n16083623/pg_6 Source]

===Dairy products===
Most dairy products have a low glycemic index. However, some people do not tolerate dairy very well.
[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_nhi4446/is_10/ai_n16083623/pg_6 Source]

===Fruits===
Fruits are generally in the middle of the road in terms of glycemic index; but dried fruits, which are concentrated, have a higher index. Drinking fruit juices will definitely increase blood sugar release. Therefore, fruit juices should be limited or diluted with three-fourths water. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_nhi4446/is_10/ai_n16083623/pg_6 Source]

Most sweeteners such as honey, molasses, sugar, and white grape juice concentrate tend to have a high glycemic index. Rice syrup and granulated rice sweeteners may be used instead. The artificial sweetener aspartame may increase insulin resistance over time. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_nhi4446/is_10/ai_n16083623/pg_6 Source]

===Grains===
Grains such as rice, wheat, and corn tend to have a high glycemic index, but grains such as buckwheat, millet, barley, rye, and bulgur are actually quite low. For successful weight loss and blood sugar control, this group of foods should be used in moderation. Also, the addition of fats such as olive oil or butter (in moderation) can lower the glycemic index. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_nhi4446/is_10/ai_n16083623/pg_6 Source]

==Regulation of glycemic index ==
Factors Affecting Glycemic Index of Foods are:
===Soluble fiber===
The gel-forming property of soluble fiber sources such as oats and barley has been proposed as the mechanism by which these grains reduce both cholesterol and glucose and insulin responses.

The high viscosity of the solution containing oat gum was concluded to be the property which delays gastric emptying and/or intestinal absorption resulting in these lower responses
===Starch structure===
Starch is composed of long chains of glucose (amylose) and highly branched chains of glucose (amylopectin). Hydrolysis of amylose would therefore result in fewer glucose molecules’ being freed at once than the hydrolysis of the highly branched amylopectin chains. Thus, high amylose content grains result in lower glucose responses than those which have a high content of amylopectin.
=== Particle size===
Boiled whole kernels and larger particle sizes are associated with lower glucose and insulin responses for a variety of grain sources.

'''Conclusion'''
* The greater the particle size, the lower the glucose and insulin response.
* The greater the level of processing and refining, the higher the response.
* Grains with high levels of soluble beta glucans such as oats, rye and barley are generally more effective in improving insulin sensitivity than wheat, which contains predominantly insoluble dietary fiber.
* The high viscosity of these soluble fibers is partially responsible for these beneficial effects.
* Corn and rice can have either high or low glycemic indices because their amylose and amylopectin contents vary.
* Higher amylose content results in lower glucose and insulin responses.
* Replacing low fiber grain foods such as cornflakes or white bread with whole grain higher fiber or higher amylose content products will reduce risk of developing insulin resistance and obesity and improve the health of the American population.

'''Potential mechanisms whereby high-glycemic-load diets could increase risk of type 2 diabetes'''
[[image:Potential mechanisms whereby high-glycemic-load diets could increase risk of type 2 diabetes.jpeg|thumb|center|800 px]]

==Overview of U.S. Food Customs and Terminology ==
[http://www.uta.fi/FAST/US1/REF/usfood.html Source]

===Overview: Traditional "typical" meals===
* Breakfast: O.J., bacon and eggs, sausage, pancakes, waffles, toast/french toast, cold cereals, oatmeal or cream of wheat, yogurt, applesauce, milk, coffee
* Brunch: above plus bagels & lox, fruits, Danish rolls
* Lunch: soup and sandwiches, cottage cheese, fruit
* Sandwich types: BLT, PBJ, tuna salad, egg salad, hero, submarine, grinder, hoagy, poor-boy, "Dagwood sandwich", Reuben sandwish, corned-beef, pita
* Dinner: fried chicken, steak, roast beef/pork, 2 vegetables (mashed potatos, corn, beans, peas, carrots, broccoli), tossed salad, cole slaw, jello "salads", dessert (apple pie [á la môde], cobbler, ice cream, cake).
* Meal drinks: coffee, iced tea, [iced coffee], beer, wine, milk, water, soft drinks
* Supper: hash, stew, hot sandwiches, leftovers

===Holiday meals===
* Thanksgiving: turkey and dressing, cranberry sauce, sweet potato casserole, corn, beans, peas, pumpkin pie ...
* Christmas: ham, turkey, fruitcake, mincemeat pie, Christmas stollen, egg nog, mulled wine,
* Independence Day: picnics with hot dogs, hamburgers, potato chips, pickles, roasted marshmallows, potato salad, 3-bean salad, pork & beans, ice cream, pie
* "Traditional" foods: succotash, squash, yams, sweet potatos, chili, corn bread, corn sticks, spoon bread, strawberry shortcake, fried catfish, sourdough bread

=== Food trends in recent years===
* More fast-food restaurants, McDonalds, Burger King, Col. Sanders' Kentucky Fried Chicken, Arby's Roast Beef, Long John Silver's seafood, Domino's Pizza, Pizza Hut, Godfather's Pizza, Taco Bell, Roy Rogers, Orange Julius, Subway Shoppe, Au Bon Pain
* 24-hour 'convenience' restaurants, such as Denney's, Interstate Pancake House, Howard Johnson's (HoJo)
* Oriental restarants — take-out or dine-in
* "Power breakfasts," "brown-bag lunches," no-host bars
* "De-caf" coffee (and tea), more consumption of fish, grilled swordfish, etc.; rise of Mexican food dishes

===Vast differences in U.S. regional & ethnic food cultures===
* German, Polish, Scandinavian cultures in Midwest
* French cuisine around New Orleans, Maine
* Mexican/Spanish in Southwest, Florida
* Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai in West/South
* Indian, Pakistani, Afghan, Ethiopian, etc. in East
* Native American Indian, etc., throughout U.S.
* Cuban, Puerto Rican, South American in Florida

===Selected Main Courses===
* Meatloaf, meatballs, creamed chipped beef,
* Ham (sugar-cured, "picnic," "rolled," "country", Virginia)
* Spaghetti & meatballs, macaroni & cheese
* Quiche, Turf & Surf, spareribs
* Chicken (fried, barbequed, fricasseed, roasted, grilled)
* Turkey (Butterball), duck, goose, lamb, pork
* Caesar salad, Chef's salad, chicken salad, tuna salad
* Catfish, lobster, salmon, trout, shrimp, swordfish, cod

===Selected Side Dishes===
* Beans (baked, green, lima, string, wax, kidney, shell, fava)
* Peas (green, in-the-pod, black-eyed, lentils, chickpeas)
* Zzucchini, other squashes
* Corn (on the cob, whole-kernel, creamed, hominy, grits)
* Succotash (corn & lima beans together)
* Rice (white, brown, wild; steamed, creamed, boiled, fried)
* Broccoli, asparagus, okra, spinach, kohlrabi, turnips, chard
* Noodles, macaroni, dumplings, potato pancakes
* Cottage cheese, sliced fruit

===Selected Soups===
* Clam chowder, chicken, chicken-noodle, black bean, pea
* Tomato soup, creamed celery/potato soups, onion/cheese soups
* Gumbos, jambalayas, vichyssoise, Scotch broth, shrimp bisque

===Selected Desserts===
* Various pies, cakes, cobblers, cookies, puddings, custards
* ice cream, sherbet, frozen yogurt, brownies, fudge, mousse
* fruit compotes, melons, baked alaska, muffins, crepes, soufflés

===Party and Reception or other "Occasion" Foods===
* Hors d'oeuvres, dips, guacamole, pretzels, bread sticks, (cocktail party 'finger food')
* Chicken wings, quiches, meatballs, turkey or ham or chicken 'rolls' or 'logs'
* Frankfurters, potato chips & salad, dill pickles, french fries
* Toasted marshmallows, peanut butter fudge/brittle, popcorn balls, "s'mores"
* Frog legs, mountain oysters,

===Common Ethnic Foods===
* Tortillas, enchiladas, tacos, burritos, tamales, nachos
* Knockwurst, kielbasa, sauerkraut,
* Lasagne, canneloni, pastas, manicotti, ravioli, vermicelli

===African-American "Soul" Food Examples===
* Black-eyed peas and ham hocks, chitterlings, pork neck bones and sauerkraut, fried catfish, oxtail soup
* Biscuits, corn bread
* Collard greens, fried okra, grits
* Sweet potato pie

==Wheat processing==
AX-rich fiber was extracted from the byproduct of wheat-flour processing. Arabinoxylan (AX) is a hemicellulose that has a xylose backbone with arabinose side chains. Postprandial glucose and insulin responses were improved by ingestion of AX-rich fiber. Further research is required to determine whether AX-rich fiber is of benefit to people with type 2 diabetes. [http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/71/5/1123 Source]
==Digestive system==
<table align=center>
<tr>
<td>[[image:digestion of food.jpeg|thumb|left|center|450 px]] </td>
<td>[[image:key.gif|thumb|right|center|300 px]] </td>
</tr>
</table>
[[Detailed information on breakdown of food and fat]]

==Metabolic pathways==
[[image:metabolic pathway1.gif|center|700 px|thumb]]
[[image:metabolic pathway.gif|center|700 px|thumb]]
==Glucose regulation==

[[image:image10.gif|center|700 px|thumb]]

==Insulin overview==
===Insulin secretion===
Insulin secretion in beta cells is triggered by rising blood glucose levels. Starting with the uptake of glucose by the GLUT2 transporter, the glycolytic phosphorylation of glucose causes a rise in the ATP:ADP ratio. This rise inactivates the potassium channel that depolarizes the membrane, causing the calcium channel to open up allowing calcium ions to flow inward. The ensuing rise in levels of calcium leads to the exocytotic release of insulin from their storage granule.

[[image:image11.jpeg|center|700 px|thumb]]

===How insulin works===
Insulin molecules circulate throughout the blood stream until they bind to their associated (insulin) receptors. The insulin receptors promote the uptake of glucose into various tissues that contain type 4 glucose transporters (GLUT4). Such tissues include skeletal muscles (which burn glucose for energy) and fat tissues (which convert glucose to triglycerides for storage). The initial binding of insulin to its receptor initiates a signal transduction cascade that communicates the message delivered by insulin: remove glucose from blood plasma (see panel 3). Among the wide array of cellular responses resulting from insulin ‘activation,’ the key step in glucose metabolism is the immediate activation and increased levels of GLUT4 glucose transporters. By the facilitative transport of glucose into the cells, the glucose transporters effectively remove glucose from the blood stream. Insulin binding results in changes in the activities and concentrations of intracellular enzymes such as GLUT4. These changes can last from minutes to hours.

As important as insulin is to preventing too high of a blood glucose level, it is just as important that there not be too much insulin and hypoglycemia. As one step in monitoring insulin levels, the enzyme insulinase (found in the liver and kidneys) breaks down blood-circulating insulin resulting in a half-life of about six minutes for the hormone. This degradative process ensures that levels of circulating insulin are modulated and that blood glucose levels do not get dangerously low.
[[image:image12.jpeg|center|700 px|thumb]]
Insulin binding to the insulin receptor induces a signal transduction cascade which allows the glucose transporter (GLUT4) to transport glucose into the cell.

== Analysis of Oreo cookies ==
===Key ingredient of Oreo cookies===
Identifies the various ingredients of the Oreo cookies. The high fructose corn syrup and wheat flour have high glycemic index and are problematic to the diabetes. Thus we have done further deep dive on high fructose corn syrup and wheat flour

[[image:Key ingredient of Oreo cookies.jpeg|center|thumb|500 px]]

===Substitutes for High fructose corn syrup===
[[image:Substitutes for High fructose corn syrup.jpeg|center|thumb|500 px]]

===Substitutes for wheat flour===
[[image:Substitutes for wheat flour.jpeg|center|thumb|500 px]]

===Mitigation - High fructose corn syrup===
[[image:Mitigation - High fructose corn syrup.jpeg|center|thumb|500 px]]

===Mitigation – Wheat flour===
[[image:Mitigation–Wheat flour.jpeg|center|thumb|500px]]

===Products substitute for High fructose corn syrup===

[[image:Products substitute for High fructose corn syrup.jpeg|center|thumb|500px]]

===Products substitute for wheat flour===

[[image:Products substitute for wheat flour.jpeg|center|thumb|500px]]

==Presentation==
* Slideset: [[Media: Diabetes - Oreo Cookies ver3.ppt|Oreo Cookies and the sweeteners used in them]]
* Slideset: [[Media: Diabetes - first draft|First draft]]

Diabetes products and services

2007-01-04T07:01:34Z

121.247.113.223: /* Presentation */

Diabetes products and services

2007-01-04T07:00:45Z

121.247.113.223: /* Herbal treatment */

Diabetes products and services

2007-01-04T07:00:09Z

121.247.113.223: /* Presentation */

== Client brief ==
Identify products and services for people suffering from diabetes or those that could prevent or reduce the chances of getting diabetes. Dolcera will:
# Keep track of products and services in diabetes worldwide
# Prepare an overall knowledge map of diabetes problem: science challenge/technical challenge and map them to food and other products
# Track emerging patents and technical trends related to food and beverages for diabetes
# Provide ongoing monitoring service that keeps clients up to speed over time

The report should be similar to the [http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_-_Hair_Loss alopecia report], with the ''science'' driving the story.

Geographies of interest:
* Japan, US and Western Europe: for science
* Australia, NZ may be an area of interest: might have some good things going on in the food areas

Other notes:
* Client is not so much interested in competition: not a big deal
* "Try to develop products to create a new market: e.g. Oreo cookies without sugar; what kind of flavor or taste technology needed - what are the emerging technologies that could preserve taste and good mouth feel without sugar?"
* Interested in patents and technologies in diabetes
* Sugar-free is not the only thing
* Map the science and knowledge map of diabetes: disease states and food products

'''Dec 26 - more notes from the client'''

I know that you are focused on sugar based products. But, I know that transfats made from hydrogenating vegtable oils is a big issue and timely as well. So we need to make sure we are covering enough of the diabetes food related problem so that they can see that there is a lot that they will want to track.

Also, they will want some ready to go products already exiting in the world that they could add to their food lineup.

They sell cheeses, snacks and so on. But about any food items that are sold via mass are ok.

==[[Diabetes Overview]]==

=== News stories ===
* [http://health.msn.com/dietfitness/articlepage.aspx?cp-documentid=100144067 One of the top stories on Reddit - Dec 26, 2006]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/26/health/26workplace.html?hp&ex=1167195600&en=79c108081b2bd0e3&ei=5094&partner=homepage Home page story on New York Times - Dec 26, 2006]
* "Today nearly one out of every 10 adults in the US has diabetes. Among people over 60, that figure is even higher - one in five. But what's most alarming is that many people don't know they have diabetes until they develop one of its terrible complications - like heart disease, blindness or stroke.": University of California, San Francisco Diabetes Center

===Total Prevalence of Diabetes & Pre-diabetes (US)===
* '''Total''': 20.8 million children and adults -- 7.0% of the population -- have diabetes.
* '''Diagnosed''': 14.6 million people
* '''Undiagnosed''': 6.2 million people
* '''Pre-diabetes''': 54 million people
* 1.5 million new cases of diabetes were diagnosed in people aged 20 years or older in 2005. ([http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-statistics/prevalence.jsp Source])

===Calories and food consumption - US===
<table>
<tr>
<td>[[image:calories consumption.jpeg|thumb|center|380 px]]
</td>
<td>[[image:food consumption.jpeg|thumb|center|400 px]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[image:Milk.jpeg|thumb|center|380 px]]
</td>
<td>[[image:Fat consumption.jpeg|thumb|center|400 px]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[image:Vegetables.jpeg|thumb|center|380 px]]
</td>
<td>[[image:Fruits.jpeg|thumb|center|400 px]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[image:Meat products.jpeg|thumb|center|380 px]]
</td>
<td>[[image:Sweetener consumption.jpeg|thumb|center|400 px]]
</td>
</tr>
</table>

* Drinking Coffee Helps Lower the Chance of Getting of Type 2 Diabetes [http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-research/summaries/Smith-drinking-coffee-lowers-risk.jsp Source]
* Coffee and Green Tea May Help Prevent Type 2 Diabetes [http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-research/summaries/iso-coffee-green-tea.jsp Source]

===Maintaining a healthy weight is a challenge for most Americans===
*66.3% of the adult population in the US weigh more than is healthy Where you carry your fat is important. Fat in the mid-section – visceral fat – is worse, as this fat surrounds and invades vital organs. Few Americans add muscle and bone after their early twenties so nearly all added weight is fat
* Daily caloric intake is the number of calories needed per day to maintain your current weight. Maintaining a healthy weight is a balancing act of calories consumed versus calories burned
Weight change = calories in – calories out
* Small increases in daily caloric intake cause increases in body fat mass (Figure 1)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_01.png|Figure 1. Cumulative effect of small daily imbalances in energy intake on body fat mass]]

* From 1971-2000 there was a statistically significant increase in average caloric intake—2,450 kcals to 2,618 kcals in men (''P ''<nowiki><</nowiki> 0.01) and 1,541 kcals to 1,877 kcals in women (''P ''<nowiki><</nowiki> 0.01) (Figure 2)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_02.png|Figure 2. Caloric intake from 1971-2000]]

* Today, adult men and adult women are almost 25 pounds heavier than 40 years ago (Figure 2). Children aged 6-11 are almost 9 pounds heavier. Teen boys and girls are 15 and 12 pounds heavier respectively, topping the scales in 2002 at 141 pounds and 130 pounds
* Obesity ranks low on the list of serious health problems. Only 9% of respondents to a national survey indicated their own weight was a problem, despite more than 50% were overweight
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_03.png|Figure 3. Mean weight for men and women over the last 40 years]]

* As the average daily caloric intake has increased, the percentage of caloric intake from fat decreased, and the percentage from carbohydrates increased significantly for both men and women (Figures 4 and 5)

[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_04.png|Figure 4. Percentage of caloric intake from fat from 1971-2000]]

[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_05.png|Figure 5. Percentage of caloric intake from carbohydrates from 1971-2000]]

'''Dietary habits can help pile on the pounds'''

* Consumption of food away from home, increased consumption of salty snacks, soft drinks and pizza, and increased portion sizes have contributed to increased caloric intake
* Over the last 20 years portions have grown significantly
** With the exception of white bread, the sizes of marketplace portions exceed federal standards by at least a factor of 2 and sometime 8<sup><nowiki>[</nowiki></sup>
o Items in fast food restaurants are 2 to 5 times larger than 2 decades ago due to the increased variety of available portion sizes
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_06.png|Figure 6. Increase in portion size from 1977-1996]]
* The increases in portion size are significant and result in more calories consumed. An added 10 kcal/day of unexpended energy is equivalent to an extra pound of weight per year (Figure 6)

'''Americans need to pay more attention to what we eat and our activity levels'''
* Recent guidelines from the American Heart Association focus on both a healthy diet and healthy lifestyle to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease
* Recommended calorie intake will differ for individuals based on age, gender, and activity level, as seen in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005, available at: [http://www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines].
* Lifestyle activity levels are directly tied to calorie consumption in the body. Lifestyle activity levels have been defined as:
** Sedentary means a lifestyle that includes only the light physical activity associated with typical day-to-day life
** Moderately active means a lifestyle that includes physical activity (consuming 3.5 to 7 calories/min) equivalent to walking about 1.5 to 3 miles per day at 3 to 4 miles per hour, in addition to the light physical activity associated with typical day-to-day life
** Active means a lifestyle that includes physical activity (consuming <nowiki>></nowiki> 7 calories/minute) equivalent to walking more than 3 miles per day at 3 to 4 miles per hour, in addition to the light physical activity associated with typical day-to-day life

* The recent Dietary Reference Intakes publication recommends
** Fat intake:
*** 30% to 40% kcal in children 1 to 3 years
*** 25% to 35% kcal in children 4 to 18 years
*** 20% to 35% kcal in adults
** Protein intake:
*** 5% to 20% kcal in children 1 to 3 years old
*** 10% to 30% kcal in children 4 to 18 years old
*** 10% to 35% kcal in adults
** Carbohydrate intake:
*** 45% to 65% kcal in all children and adults

'''Diet and exercise can make a difference in your overall health'''
* Weight reduction requires a careful balance of fat, protein and carbohydrate intake (Figure 7)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_07.png|Figure 7. Nutrient content of a weight-reducing diet]]
* The Nurse<nowiki>’</nowiki>s Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study demonstrated that middle-aged women and men who gained 11-22 pounds after age 20 were up to 3 times more likely to develop heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and gallstones than those who gained 5 pounds or fewer
* Weight loss of 5% to 15% of total body weight can lower an individual<nowiki>’</nowiki>s chance of heart disease or having a stroke, as weight loss may improve blood pressure, triglycerides, cholesterol levels, decrease inflammation throughout the body, and improve mental health and quality of life. Moderate intentional weight loss sustained over time may be associated with reduced mortality
* Only 8% of American adults are aware of the link between overweight and cancer.<br>Overweight leads to insulin resistance and may be linked to breast cancer, aggressive prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and endometrial, kidney, pancreatic and esophagus cancer as well as lymphomas
* Higher levels of physical activity promote long-term weight loss better than conventional recommendations for low to moderate activity (Figure 8)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_08.png|Figure 8. Effect of physical activity on body weight]]
* People who exercise regularly achieve better maintenance of weight loss and have beneficial effects on their cardiovascular, physical and psychological well-being
* Compared to a low-fat diet or conventional weight loss diet, a low-carbohydrate diet program had better participant retention and greater weight loss—there were beneficial effects on serum triglyceride levels and high density lipoprotein as well as improved glycemic control
* Diet and exercise may prevent or delay the onset of diabetes
** Modest weight loss and changes in lifestyle reduced the 3-year incidence of type 2 diabetes by 58%
** Weight loss strategies using dietary, physical activity or behavioral interventions produced significant improvements in weight among person with pre-diabetes, and a significant decrease in diabetes incidence
* Dietary guidelines encourage eating fewer calories, being more active and making wise food choices. Making wise food choices involves a careful look at nutrition labels and calories consumed. Carbohydrates and protein each contain 4 calories/gram while alcohol and fat contain 7 calories and 9 calories per gram, respectively. Don<nowiki>’</nowiki>t waste the daily allotment with empty calories – calories do count

===The Universe for Reducing Calories is Expanding===
'''Prevalence of overweight and obese adults is increasing'''
* Obesity among all ages, races, educational levels, and smoking levels is increasing
* Between 1991 and 2001 prevalence of obesity increased by 74% – 21.4 million obese men and 22.9 million obese women
* During this same time period the percentage of overweight adults increased from 45% to 58%
* In 2004, obese adults represented ≥ 25% of the adult population in 9 of the 50 states (Figure 1)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_09.png|Figure 1. Prevalence of obesity among US adults, 1991, 1996 and 2004.]]

* In 2003, more than 136,000,000 American adults were overweight, and this number continues to grow
* Recent evidence suggests that increases in body weight in women may be leveling off, though no specific reason for the trend was given

'''Prevalence of overweight among children has tripled'''
* Figure 2 shows the change in percent of overweight children, 6-12 and 12-19 years of age, from data analyzed in the mid 1960s and at the turn of the century
* In 2003-2004, '''''17.1% of children and adolescents 2-19 years of age (over 12.5 million) were overweight'''''
* Prevalence of overweight among girls increased from 13.8% in 1999 to 16.0% in 2004
* Prevalence of overweight among boys increased from 14.0% to 18.2% during the same time frame
* Overweight is associated with a number of comorbidities in children
* Metabolic, orthopedic, cardiovascular, psychological, neurological, hepatic, pulmonary and renal comorbid conditions can exist
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_10.png|Figure 2. Prevalence of pediatric obesity]]

'''Body mass index (BMI), calculated with height and weight, is used to define overweight and obesity'''

* The NHLBI defines underweight, normal weight, overweight and 3 classes of obesity based on BMI (Table 1)
* BMI = kg/m<sup>2</sup> <nowiki>{</nowiki>BMI = weight (pounds) x 703 ÷ height squared (inches)<nowiki>}</nowiki>
* BMI and waist circumference correlate with the amount of body fat; both are surrogate markers of body fat

'''Table 1. Defining overweight and obesity.'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center"|'''Classifications of BMI'''
|align = "center"|'''BMI'''
|-
|align = "center"|Underweight
|align = "center"|<nowiki><</nowiki> 18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|align = "center"|Normal weight
|align = "center"|18.5-24.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|align = "center"|Overweight
|align = "center"|25-29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|align = "center"|Obesity (Class 1)
|align = "center"|30-30.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|align = "center"|Obesity (Class 2)
|align = "center"|35-39.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|align = "center"|Extreme obesity (Class 3)
|align = "center"|<nowiki>></nowiki> 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|}

'''Obesity and weight gain are associated with an increased risk of diabetes'''
* Prevalence of obesity from 1991 to 2001 correlates with the increased prevalence of diabetes<sup> </sup>(Figure 4)
* Between 1990 and 2001 the prevalence of diabetes increased 61%
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_12.png|Figure 4. Prevalence of obesity and diabetes among US adults, 1991 and 2001.]]

* In 2003, 14,100,000 Americans had been diagnosed with diabetes
* More than 80% of type 2 diabetes patients are either overweight or obese
* Diabetic women are at increased risk of major cardiovascular disease and represent the only group where cardiovascular mortality is increasing

'''There is a progression from normal blood sugar to type 2 diabetes'''

* Prediabetes is a new term for a condition found in adults before they are diagnosed with diabetes
* Prediabetes is characterized by higher than normal blood glucose levels, either impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance not yet high enough to be classified as diabetes
* Almost all diabetic patients go through a phase called impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (Figure 5)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_13.png|Figure 5. Progression to diabetes]]
* Based on projected NHANES III data, the number of prediabetic individuals was almost 12 million in 2000 among overweight individuals (Figure 6)
*• Patients with prediabetes have the potential to develop diabetes within a decade if no modifications to their diet and level of physical activity are made
* Over 50 million adults ages 40-74 have prediabetes, of which 1 in 4 will develop type 2 diabetes
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_14.png|Figure 6. Proportion of overweight adults with IFG only, IFG and IGT, and IGT only]]

* Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors is high among patients with prediabetes:
** 94.9% had dyslipidemia
** 56.5% had hypertension
** 13.9% had microalbuminuria
** 16.6% were current smokers
* Prediabetes increases a person<nowiki>’</nowiki>s risk for an MI or stroke by 50%

'''Obesity and diabetes can be prevented'''

* The 1979 Surgeon General<nowiki>’</nowiki>s Report, ''Healthy People'', laid the foundation for a national prevention agenda to ensure that good health, as well as long life, are enjoyed by all
* The Healthy People 2010 objective is to reduce the prevalence of '''''obesity among adults to <nowiki><</nowiki> 15%, and to have <nowiki>></nowiki> 60% of the adult population in the normal weight range'''''
* Another Healthy People 2010 objective is to reduce the number of '''''overweight or obese children and adolescents aged 6-19 years to 5%'''''
* The American Diabetes Association recommends that all overweight people 45 years of age or older with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose should be classified as having prediabetes and that they are potential candidates for diabetes prevention interventions
* The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) showed that diet and exercise resulting in a 5 to 7 percent weight loss lowered the incidence of type 2 diabetes by 58%
**Participants lost weight by cutting fat and calories in their diet and by exercising at least 30 minutes per day, 5 days per week
== The Essential Elements of Diet Menus for Diabetes==
Diet menus for diabetes need to be
* Low
** in fats, particularly saturated or animal fats
**in white, refined flour
**in cholesterol
**in calories, since obesity dramatically increases the risk of heart disease
**in simple or refined sugars
**in sodium, particularly if elevated blood pressure has already been identified

* High
**in complex carbohydrates, particularly those containing raw fiber. For example: brown bread, brown rice
**in fresh fruits and vegetables
[http://weightlossinternational.com/newsletter/diet-menus-for-diabetes.html Source]

==Food constituents==
===Carbohydrates===
Carbohydrates come from a wide array of foods - bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, corn, and cherry pie. The most common and abundant are sugars, fibers, and starches. The basic building block of a carbohydrate is a sugar molecule, a simple union of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Starches and fibers are essentially chains of sugar molecules.

Carbohydrates were grouped into two main categories:
* Simple carbohydrates included sugars such as fruit sugar (fructose), corn or grape sugar (dextrose or glucose), and table sugar (sucrose).
* Complex carbohydrates included everything made of three or more linked sugars.

[[image:diabetes food pyramid.jpeg|center|600 px|thumb|Diabetes Food Pyramid ([http://www.diabetes.org/nutrition-and-recipes/nutrition/foodpyramid.jsp Source])]]
'''Examples'''
* Simple Carbohydrates
** Fruit juices
** Jams, jellies
** Candy
** Sugar, maple syrup, honey
** Sweeteners in food: dextrose, high fructose, corn syrup
** Kool-Aid
** Cakes, pies, cookies, ice cream, pudding

* Complex Carbohydrates
** Whole grain breads, crackers
** Rice
** Pasta
** Tortillas
** Beans
** Corn, peas, lima beans

Foods contain three major types of nutrients: carbohydrates (carbs), proteins and fats. Carbohydrate foods most often come from plants, such as fruits, vegetables and grains. Carbohydrates are chains of sugar molecules; thus, they have the greatest effect on blood-sugar levels when these chains are digested (broken down).

Complex carbohydrates are longer chains of sugars. They are absorbed more slowly into the blood and cause a slower change in blood sugar than simple carbohydrates. 90-100% of the carbohydrate (CHO) eaten converts to sugar (glucose) within 15 minutes to 1.5 hours. Only 58% of the ingested protein, and less than 10% of fat, are converted into sugar within several hours after consumption. [http://www.mfm-evms.org/dm6acarbsdiabetes.html Source]

[[image:carbohydrates types.jpeg|center|thumbs|800 px]]

====Carbohydrates and the Glycemic Index====
A new system for classifying carbohydrates known as the glycemic index, measures how fast and how far blood sugar rises after you eat a food that contains carbohydrates

White bread, for example, is converted almost immediately to blood sugar, causing it to spike rapidly. It's classified as having a high glycemic index. Brown rice, in contrast, is digested more slowly, causing a lower and more gentle change in blood sugar. It has a low glycemic index.

Diets filled with high-glycemic-index foods, which cause quick and strong increases in blood sugar levels, have been linked to an increased risk for both diabetes and heart disease. [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates.html Source]

'''Glycemic Index'''

The glycemic index measures how fast a food is likely to raise your blood sugar. This can be helpfu. For example, if your blood sugar is low and continuing to drop during exercise, you would prefer to eat a carb that will raise your blood sugar quickly. On the other hand, if you would like to keep your blood sugar from dropping during a few hours of mild activity, you may prefer to eat a carb that has a lower glycemic index and longer action time. If your blood sugar tends to spike after breakfast, you may want to select a cereal that has a lower glycemic index.

'''Factors that influence how quickly the carbohydrates in food raise blood sugar include:'''

* Fiber content. Fiber shields the starchy carbohydrates in food immediate and rapid attack by digestive enzymes. This slows the release of sugar molecules into the bloodstream.
* Ripeness. Ripe fruits and vegetables tend to have more sugar than unripe ones, and so tend to have a higher glycemic index.
* Type of starch. Starch comes in many different configurations. Some are easier to break into sugar molecules than others. The starch in potatoes, for example, is digested and absorbed into the bloodstream relatively quickly.
* Fat content and acid content. The more fat or acid a food contains, the slower its carbohydrates are converted to sugar and absorbed into the bloodstream.
* Physical form. Finely ground grain is more rapidly digested, and so has a higher glycemic index, than more coarsely ground grain.

'''Carbohydrates and the Glycemic Load'''
* Low Glycemic Load
** High-fiber fruits and vegetables (not including potatoes)
** Bran cereals (1 oz)
** Many legumes, including chick peas, kidney beans, black beans, lentils, pinto beans (5 oz cooked, approx. 3/4 cup)
* Medium Glycemic Load
** Pearled barley: 1 cup cooked
** Brown rice: 3/4 cup cooked
** Oatmeal: 1 cup cooked
** Bulgur: 3/4 cup cooked
** Rice cakes: 3 cakes
** Whole grain breads: 1 slice
** Whole-grain pasta: 1 ¼ cup cooked
** No-sugar added fruit juices: 8 oz
* High Glycemic Load
** Baked potato
** French fries
** Refined cereal products: 1 oz
** Sugar-sweetened beverages: 12 oz
** Jelly beans: 10 large or 30 small
** Candy bars: 1 2-oz bar or 3 mini bars
** Couscous: 1 cup cooked
** Cranberry juice cocktail: 8 oz
** White basmati rice: 1 cup cooked
** White-flour pasta: 1¼ cup cooked

====Carbohydrates and Diabetes====

The long-held belief that eating foods containing "sugar" (sweets) will cause your blood glucose levels to rise higher and more quickly than starchy foods (bread, rice, pasta, etc.) has not been supported by scientific evidence. Both are forms of carbohydrates and both cause blood glucose to increase.

Research has shown that your total daily amount of carbohydrate intake affects your blood glucose levels. Carbohydrates have the most immediate effect on blood glucose levels, since carbohydrates are broken down into glucose (sugar) early during digestion. It is important to eat the suggested amount of carbohydrate at each meal, along with some protein, and fat.

Carbohydrates are mainly found in three food groups: Fruit; Milk and Yogurt; and Bread, Cereal, Rice, Pasta and Starchy Vegetables. You will need to consider the total amount of carbohydrates when working out your daily meal plan.

'''Carbohydrate counting'''
Counting grams of carbohydrate and evenly distributing them at meals will help you manage your blood glucose. Carbohydrate counting is a method of meal planning that is a simple way to keep track of the amount of total carbohydrate you eat each day. Instead of following an exchange list, you monitor how much carbohydrate (sugars and starches) you eat daily. One carbohydrate choice is equal to 15 grams of carbohydrate. Note: your consumption of protein and fat still counts as calories.

With carbohydrate counting, you can pick up almost any food product off the shelf, read the label, and use the information about grams of carbohydrate to fit the food into your meal plan.

Carbohydrate counting is most useful for people who take multiple daily injections of insulin, use an insulin pump, or who want more flexibility and variety in their food choices. The amount and type of insulin you are prescribed may affect the flexibility of your meal plan.

A registered dietitian can help you determine how much carbohydrate, as well as other foods, you should include in your daily meal plan.

Carbohydrate counting may not be for everyone, and the traditional method of following food exchange lists may be used instead.

===Fiber===
Fiber is the indigestible part of plant foods that plays an important role in the digestive process. Fiber helps move foods along the digestive tract and adds bulk to stool to speed its passage through the bowel and promote regular bowel movements. Fiber also delays sugar absorption, helping to better control blood glucose levels. In addition, fiber binds with cholesterol and may reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood. Lastly, fiber helps prevent constipation and reduces the risk of certain intestinal disorders.

The goal for all Americans is to consume 25 to 35 grams of fiber per day. The best way to increase your fiber intake is to eat more of these fiber-rich foods:
* Fresh fruits and vegetables
* Cooked dried beans and peas
* Whole grain breads, cereals, and crackers
* Brown rice
* Bran products

[http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/2600/2619.asp?index=9825 Source]
===Cheese===
* Glycemic Index: 60
* Glycemic Index Rating: Medium
* Glycemic Response to Cheese Pizza: Carbs in Cheese Pizza have a medium effect on blood sugar levels.
* Constituents: protein, calcium, riboflavin and fat (as a cup of whole milk - Lactose sugar)

===Proteins===
Beans and legumes are another excellent source of protein for humans. Beans do not contain all the essential amino acids when cooked in their usual manner, but through sprouting (link to sprouting) them you can enjoy a full spectrum of amino acids in an alkaline forming low glycemic index food. [http://www.ortogo.com/php/learning/build_art.php?67 Source]

===Vegetables===
Vegetables contain low glycemic, often considered “free food” carbohydrate sources. [http://www.ortogo.com/php/learning/build_art.php?67 Source]

===Legumes===
Legumes are a dense source of carbohydrate and certain amino acids. They are rich in fiber which helps to keep you clean on the inside. Low on the glycemic index legumes are a great source of energy for an active body. Legumes: Almost all legumes have a moderate glycemic index. They also provide a source of water-soluble fiber that is valuable for lowering cholesterol. They also provide phytoestrogens, which may provide health benefits. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_nhi4446/is_10/ai_n16083623/pg_6 Source]

===Dairy products===
Most dairy products have a low glycemic index. However, some people do not tolerate dairy very well.
[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_nhi4446/is_10/ai_n16083623/pg_6 Source]

===Fruits===
Fruits are generally in the middle of the road in terms of glycemic index; but dried fruits, which are concentrated, have a higher index. Drinking fruit juices will definitely increase blood sugar release. Therefore, fruit juices should be limited or diluted with three-fourths water. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_nhi4446/is_10/ai_n16083623/pg_6 Source]

Most sweeteners such as honey, molasses, sugar, and white grape juice concentrate tend to have a high glycemic index. Rice syrup and granulated rice sweeteners may be used instead. The artificial sweetener aspartame may increase insulin resistance over time. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_nhi4446/is_10/ai_n16083623/pg_6 Source]

===Grains===
Grains such as rice, wheat, and corn tend to have a high glycemic index, but grains such as buckwheat, millet, barley, rye, and bulgur are actually quite low. For successful weight loss and blood sugar control, this group of foods should be used in moderation. Also, the addition of fats such as olive oil or butter (in moderation) can lower the glycemic index. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_nhi4446/is_10/ai_n16083623/pg_6 Source]

==Regulation of glycemic index ==
Factors Affecting Glycemic Index of Foods are:
===Soluble fiber===
The gel-forming property of soluble fiber sources such as oats and barley has been proposed as the mechanism by which these grains reduce both cholesterol and glucose and insulin responses.

The high viscosity of the solution containing oat gum was concluded to be the property which delays gastric emptying and/or intestinal absorption resulting in these lower responses
===Starch structure===
Starch is composed of long chains of glucose (amylose) and highly branched chains of glucose (amylopectin). Hydrolysis of amylose would therefore result in fewer glucose molecules’ being freed at once than the hydrolysis of the highly branched amylopectin chains. Thus, high amylose content grains result in lower glucose responses than those which have a high content of amylopectin.
=== Particle size===
Boiled whole kernels and larger particle sizes are associated with lower glucose and insulin responses for a variety of grain sources.

'''Conclusion'''
* The greater the particle size, the lower the glucose and insulin response.
* The greater the level of processing and refining, the higher the response.
* Grains with high levels of soluble beta glucans such as oats, rye and barley are generally more effective in improving insulin sensitivity than wheat, which contains predominantly insoluble dietary fiber.
* The high viscosity of these soluble fibers is partially responsible for these beneficial effects.
* Corn and rice can have either high or low glycemic indices because their amylose and amylopectin contents vary.
* Higher amylose content results in lower glucose and insulin responses.
* Replacing low fiber grain foods such as cornflakes or white bread with whole grain higher fiber or higher amylose content products will reduce risk of developing insulin resistance and obesity and improve the health of the American population.

'''Potential mechanisms whereby high-glycemic-load diets could increase risk of type 2 diabetes'''
[[image:Potential mechanisms whereby high-glycemic-load diets could increase risk of type 2 diabetes.jpeg|thumb|center|800 px]]

==Overview of U.S. Food Customs and Terminology ==
[http://www.uta.fi/FAST/US1/REF/usfood.html Source]

===Overview: Traditional "typical" meals===
* Breakfast: O.J., bacon and eggs, sausage, pancakes, waffles, toast/french toast, cold cereals, oatmeal or cream of wheat, yogurt, applesauce, milk, coffee
* Brunch: above plus bagels & lox, fruits, Danish rolls
* Lunch: soup and sandwiches, cottage cheese, fruit
* Sandwich types: BLT, PBJ, tuna salad, egg salad, hero, submarine, grinder, hoagy, poor-boy, "Dagwood sandwich", Reuben sandwish, corned-beef, pita
* Dinner: fried chicken, steak, roast beef/pork, 2 vegetables (mashed potatos, corn, beans, peas, carrots, broccoli), tossed salad, cole slaw, jello "salads", dessert (apple pie [á la môde], cobbler, ice cream, cake).
* Meal drinks: coffee, iced tea, [iced coffee], beer, wine, milk, water, soft drinks
* Supper: hash, stew, hot sandwiches, leftovers

===Holiday meals===
* Thanksgiving: turkey and dressing, cranberry sauce, sweet potato casserole, corn, beans, peas, pumpkin pie ...
* Christmas: ham, turkey, fruitcake, mincemeat pie, Christmas stollen, egg nog, mulled wine,
* Independence Day: picnics with hot dogs, hamburgers, potato chips, pickles, roasted marshmallows, potato salad, 3-bean salad, pork & beans, ice cream, pie
* "Traditional" foods: succotash, squash, yams, sweet potatos, chili, corn bread, corn sticks, spoon bread, strawberry shortcake, fried catfish, sourdough bread

=== Food trends in recent years===
* More fast-food restaurants, McDonalds, Burger King, Col. Sanders' Kentucky Fried Chicken, Arby's Roast Beef, Long John Silver's seafood, Domino's Pizza, Pizza Hut, Godfather's Pizza, Taco Bell, Roy Rogers, Orange Julius, Subway Shoppe, Au Bon Pain
* 24-hour 'convenience' restaurants, such as Denney's, Interstate Pancake House, Howard Johnson's (HoJo)
* Oriental restarants — take-out or dine-in
* "Power breakfasts," "brown-bag lunches," no-host bars
* "De-caf" coffee (and tea), more consumption of fish, grilled swordfish, etc.; rise of Mexican food dishes

===Vast differences in U.S. regional & ethnic food cultures===
* German, Polish, Scandinavian cultures in Midwest
* French cuisine around New Orleans, Maine
* Mexican/Spanish in Southwest, Florida
* Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai in West/South
* Indian, Pakistani, Afghan, Ethiopian, etc. in East
* Native American Indian, etc., throughout U.S.
* Cuban, Puerto Rican, South American in Florida

===Selected Main Courses===
* Meatloaf, meatballs, creamed chipped beef,
* Ham (sugar-cured, "picnic," "rolled," "country", Virginia)
* Spaghetti & meatballs, macaroni & cheese
* Quiche, Turf & Surf, spareribs
* Chicken (fried, barbequed, fricasseed, roasted, grilled)
* Turkey (Butterball), duck, goose, lamb, pork
* Caesar salad, Chef's salad, chicken salad, tuna salad
* Catfish, lobster, salmon, trout, shrimp, swordfish, cod

===Selected Side Dishes===
* Beans (baked, green, lima, string, wax, kidney, shell, fava)
* Peas (green, in-the-pod, black-eyed, lentils, chickpeas)
* Zzucchini, other squashes
* Corn (on the cob, whole-kernel, creamed, hominy, grits)
* Succotash (corn & lima beans together)
* Rice (white, brown, wild; steamed, creamed, boiled, fried)
* Broccoli, asparagus, okra, spinach, kohlrabi, turnips, chard
* Noodles, macaroni, dumplings, potato pancakes
* Cottage cheese, sliced fruit

===Selected Soups===
* Clam chowder, chicken, chicken-noodle, black bean, pea
* Tomato soup, creamed celery/potato soups, onion/cheese soups
* Gumbos, jambalayas, vichyssoise, Scotch broth, shrimp bisque

===Selected Desserts===
* Various pies, cakes, cobblers, cookies, puddings, custards
* ice cream, sherbet, frozen yogurt, brownies, fudge, mousse
* fruit compotes, melons, baked alaska, muffins, crepes, soufflés

===Party and Reception or other "Occasion" Foods===
* Hors d'oeuvres, dips, guacamole, pretzels, bread sticks, (cocktail party 'finger food')
* Chicken wings, quiches, meatballs, turkey or ham or chicken 'rolls' or 'logs'
* Frankfurters, potato chips & salad, dill pickles, french fries
* Toasted marshmallows, peanut butter fudge/brittle, popcorn balls, "s'mores"
* Frog legs, mountain oysters,

===Common Ethnic Foods===
* Tortillas, enchiladas, tacos, burritos, tamales, nachos
* Knockwurst, kielbasa, sauerkraut,
* Lasagne, canneloni, pastas, manicotti, ravioli, vermicelli

===African-American "Soul" Food Examples===
* Black-eyed peas and ham hocks, chitterlings, pork neck bones and sauerkraut, fried catfish, oxtail soup
* Biscuits, corn bread
* Collard greens, fried okra, grits
* Sweet potato pie

==Wheat processing==
AX-rich fiber was extracted from the byproduct of wheat-flour processing. Arabinoxylan (AX) is a hemicellulose that has a xylose backbone with arabinose side chains. Postprandial glucose and insulin responses were improved by ingestion of AX-rich fiber. Further research is required to determine whether AX-rich fiber is of benefit to people with type 2 diabetes. [http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/71/5/1123 Source]
==Digestive system==
<table align=center>
<tr>
<td>[[image:digestion of food.jpeg|thumb|left|center|450 px]] </td>
<td>[[image:key.gif|thumb|right|center|300 px]] </td>
</tr>
</table>
[[Detailed information on breakdown of food and fat]]

==Metabolic pathways==
[[image:metabolic pathway1.gif|center|700 px|thumb]]
[[image:metabolic pathway.gif|center|700 px|thumb]]
==Glucose regulation==

[[image:image10.gif|center|700 px|thumb]]

==Insulin overview==
===Insulin secretion===
Insulin secretion in beta cells is triggered by rising blood glucose levels. Starting with the uptake of glucose by the GLUT2 transporter, the glycolytic phosphorylation of glucose causes a rise in the ATP:ADP ratio. This rise inactivates the potassium channel that depolarizes the membrane, causing the calcium channel to open up allowing calcium ions to flow inward. The ensuing rise in levels of calcium leads to the exocytotic release of insulin from their storage granule.

[[image:image11.jpeg|center|700 px|thumb]]

===How insulin works===
Insulin molecules circulate throughout the blood stream until they bind to their associated (insulin) receptors. The insulin receptors promote the uptake of glucose into various tissues that contain type 4 glucose transporters (GLUT4). Such tissues include skeletal muscles (which burn glucose for energy) and fat tissues (which convert glucose to triglycerides for storage). The initial binding of insulin to its receptor initiates a signal transduction cascade that communicates the message delivered by insulin: remove glucose from blood plasma (see panel 3). Among the wide array of cellular responses resulting from insulin ‘activation,’ the key step in glucose metabolism is the immediate activation and increased levels of GLUT4 glucose transporters. By the facilitative transport of glucose into the cells, the glucose transporters effectively remove glucose from the blood stream. Insulin binding results in changes in the activities and concentrations of intracellular enzymes such as GLUT4. These changes can last from minutes to hours.

As important as insulin is to preventing too high of a blood glucose level, it is just as important that there not be too much insulin and hypoglycemia. As one step in monitoring insulin levels, the enzyme insulinase (found in the liver and kidneys) breaks down blood-circulating insulin resulting in a half-life of about six minutes for the hormone. This degradative process ensures that levels of circulating insulin are modulated and that blood glucose levels do not get dangerously low.
[[image:image12.jpeg|center|700 px|thumb]]
Insulin binding to the insulin receptor induces a signal transduction cascade which allows the glucose transporter (GLUT4) to transport glucose into the cell.

== Analysis of Oreo cookies ==
===Key ingredient of Oreo cookies===
Identifies the various ingredients of the Oreo cookies. The high fructose corn syrup and wheat flour have high glycemic index and are problematic to the diabetes. Thus we have done further deep dive on high fructose corn syrup and wheat flour

[[image:Key ingredient of Oreo cookies.jpeg|center|thumb|500 px]]

===Substitutes for High fructose corn syrup===
[[image:Substitutes for High fructose corn syrup.jpeg|center|thumb|500 px]]

===Substitutes for wheat flour===
[[image:Substitutes for wheat flour.jpeg|center|thumb|500 px]]

===Mitigation - High fructose corn syrup===
[[image:Mitigation - High fructose corn syrup.jpeg|center|thumb|500 px]]

===Mitigation – Wheat flour===
[[image:Mitigation–Wheat flour.jpeg|center|thumb|500px]]

===Products substitute for High fructose corn syrup===

[[image:Products substitute for High fructose corn syrup.jpeg|center|thumb|500px]]

===Products substitute for wheat flour===

[[image:Products substitute for wheat flour.jpeg|center|thumb|500px]]

==Presentation==
* Slideset: [[Media: Diabetes - Oreo Cookies ver3.ppt|Oreo Cookies and the sweeteners used in them]]

==Herbal treatment==

'''Information Links'''

http://www.healthinfoforyou.com/an/natural-cure-for-diabetes.htm
http://www.holisticonline.com/Remedies/Diabetes/diabetes_herbs.htm
http://natureproducts.net/Medicine/diabetes_herbal_tea.html
http://www.diabeteslibrary.org/news/news_search.cfm?searchem=herb%20for%20diabetes
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/050218160028.htm
http://alternativehealing.org/diabetes.htm
http://www.defeatdiabetes.org/Articles/herbs050214.htm
http://www.thehealthierlife.co.uk/article/3132/diabetes-herbal-remedy.html
http://ezinearticles.com/?Natural-Cure-for-Diabetes&id=103510
http://www.shirleys-wellness-cafe.com/diabetes.htm
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/diabetes/

Diabetes products and services

2007-01-04T06:57:50Z

121.247.113.223: /* Analysis of Oreo cookies */

== Client brief ==
Identify products and services for people suffering from diabetes or those that could prevent or reduce the chances of getting diabetes. Dolcera will:
# Keep track of products and services in diabetes worldwide
# Prepare an overall knowledge map of diabetes problem: science challenge/technical challenge and map them to food and other products
# Track emerging patents and technical trends related to food and beverages for diabetes
# Provide ongoing monitoring service that keeps clients up to speed over time

The report should be similar to the [http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alopecia_-_Hair_Loss alopecia report], with the ''science'' driving the story.

Geographies of interest:
* Japan, US and Western Europe: for science
* Australia, NZ may be an area of interest: might have some good things going on in the food areas

Other notes:
* Client is not so much interested in competition: not a big deal
* "Try to develop products to create a new market: e.g. Oreo cookies without sugar; what kind of flavor or taste technology needed - what are the emerging technologies that could preserve taste and good mouth feel without sugar?"
* Interested in patents and technologies in diabetes
* Sugar-free is not the only thing
* Map the science and knowledge map of diabetes: disease states and food products

'''Dec 26 - more notes from the client'''

I know that you are focused on sugar based products. But, I know that transfats made from hydrogenating vegtable oils is a big issue and timely as well. So we need to make sure we are covering enough of the diabetes food related problem so that they can see that there is a lot that they will want to track.

Also, they will want some ready to go products already exiting in the world that they could add to their food lineup.

They sell cheeses, snacks and so on. But about any food items that are sold via mass are ok.

==[[Diabetes Overview]]==

=== News stories ===
* [http://health.msn.com/dietfitness/articlepage.aspx?cp-documentid=100144067 One of the top stories on Reddit - Dec 26, 2006]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/26/health/26workplace.html?hp&ex=1167195600&en=79c108081b2bd0e3&ei=5094&partner=homepage Home page story on New York Times - Dec 26, 2006]
* "Today nearly one out of every 10 adults in the US has diabetes. Among people over 60, that figure is even higher - one in five. But what's most alarming is that many people don't know they have diabetes until they develop one of its terrible complications - like heart disease, blindness or stroke.": University of California, San Francisco Diabetes Center

===Total Prevalence of Diabetes & Pre-diabetes (US)===
* '''Total''': 20.8 million children and adults -- 7.0% of the population -- have diabetes.
* '''Diagnosed''': 14.6 million people
* '''Undiagnosed''': 6.2 million people
* '''Pre-diabetes''': 54 million people
* 1.5 million new cases of diabetes were diagnosed in people aged 20 years or older in 2005. ([http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-statistics/prevalence.jsp Source])

===Calories and food consumption - US===
<table>
<tr>
<td>[[image:calories consumption.jpeg|thumb|center|380 px]]
</td>
<td>[[image:food consumption.jpeg|thumb|center|400 px]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[image:Milk.jpeg|thumb|center|380 px]]
</td>
<td>[[image:Fat consumption.jpeg|thumb|center|400 px]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[image:Vegetables.jpeg|thumb|center|380 px]]
</td>
<td>[[image:Fruits.jpeg|thumb|center|400 px]]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[image:Meat products.jpeg|thumb|center|380 px]]
</td>
<td>[[image:Sweetener consumption.jpeg|thumb|center|400 px]]
</td>
</tr>
</table>

* Drinking Coffee Helps Lower the Chance of Getting of Type 2 Diabetes [http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-research/summaries/Smith-drinking-coffee-lowers-risk.jsp Source]
* Coffee and Green Tea May Help Prevent Type 2 Diabetes [http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-research/summaries/iso-coffee-green-tea.jsp Source]

===Maintaining a healthy weight is a challenge for most Americans===
*66.3% of the adult population in the US weigh more than is healthy Where you carry your fat is important. Fat in the mid-section – visceral fat – is worse, as this fat surrounds and invades vital organs. Few Americans add muscle and bone after their early twenties so nearly all added weight is fat
* Daily caloric intake is the number of calories needed per day to maintain your current weight. Maintaining a healthy weight is a balancing act of calories consumed versus calories burned
Weight change = calories in – calories out
* Small increases in daily caloric intake cause increases in body fat mass (Figure 1)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_01.png|Figure 1. Cumulative effect of small daily imbalances in energy intake on body fat mass]]

* From 1971-2000 there was a statistically significant increase in average caloric intake—2,450 kcals to 2,618 kcals in men (''P ''<nowiki><</nowiki> 0.01) and 1,541 kcals to 1,877 kcals in women (''P ''<nowiki><</nowiki> 0.01) (Figure 2)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_02.png|Figure 2. Caloric intake from 1971-2000]]

* Today, adult men and adult women are almost 25 pounds heavier than 40 years ago (Figure 2). Children aged 6-11 are almost 9 pounds heavier. Teen boys and girls are 15 and 12 pounds heavier respectively, topping the scales in 2002 at 141 pounds and 130 pounds
* Obesity ranks low on the list of serious health problems. Only 9% of respondents to a national survey indicated their own weight was a problem, despite more than 50% were overweight
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_03.png|Figure 3. Mean weight for men and women over the last 40 years]]

* As the average daily caloric intake has increased, the percentage of caloric intake from fat decreased, and the percentage from carbohydrates increased significantly for both men and women (Figures 4 and 5)

[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_04.png|Figure 4. Percentage of caloric intake from fat from 1971-2000]]

[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_05.png|Figure 5. Percentage of caloric intake from carbohydrates from 1971-2000]]

'''Dietary habits can help pile on the pounds'''

* Consumption of food away from home, increased consumption of salty snacks, soft drinks and pizza, and increased portion sizes have contributed to increased caloric intake
* Over the last 20 years portions have grown significantly
** With the exception of white bread, the sizes of marketplace portions exceed federal standards by at least a factor of 2 and sometime 8<sup><nowiki>[</nowiki></sup>
o Items in fast food restaurants are 2 to 5 times larger than 2 decades ago due to the increased variety of available portion sizes
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_06.png|Figure 6. Increase in portion size from 1977-1996]]
* The increases in portion size are significant and result in more calories consumed. An added 10 kcal/day of unexpended energy is equivalent to an extra pound of weight per year (Figure 6)

'''Americans need to pay more attention to what we eat and our activity levels'''
* Recent guidelines from the American Heart Association focus on both a healthy diet and healthy lifestyle to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease
* Recommended calorie intake will differ for individuals based on age, gender, and activity level, as seen in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005, available at: [http://www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines].
* Lifestyle activity levels are directly tied to calorie consumption in the body. Lifestyle activity levels have been defined as:
** Sedentary means a lifestyle that includes only the light physical activity associated with typical day-to-day life
** Moderately active means a lifestyle that includes physical activity (consuming 3.5 to 7 calories/min) equivalent to walking about 1.5 to 3 miles per day at 3 to 4 miles per hour, in addition to the light physical activity associated with typical day-to-day life
** Active means a lifestyle that includes physical activity (consuming <nowiki>></nowiki> 7 calories/minute) equivalent to walking more than 3 miles per day at 3 to 4 miles per hour, in addition to the light physical activity associated with typical day-to-day life

* The recent Dietary Reference Intakes publication recommends
** Fat intake:
*** 30% to 40% kcal in children 1 to 3 years
*** 25% to 35% kcal in children 4 to 18 years
*** 20% to 35% kcal in adults
** Protein intake:
*** 5% to 20% kcal in children 1 to 3 years old
*** 10% to 30% kcal in children 4 to 18 years old
*** 10% to 35% kcal in adults
** Carbohydrate intake:
*** 45% to 65% kcal in all children and adults

'''Diet and exercise can make a difference in your overall health'''
* Weight reduction requires a careful balance of fat, protein and carbohydrate intake (Figure 7)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_07.png|Figure 7. Nutrient content of a weight-reducing diet]]
* The Nurse<nowiki>’</nowiki>s Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study demonstrated that middle-aged women and men who gained 11-22 pounds after age 20 were up to 3 times more likely to develop heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and gallstones than those who gained 5 pounds or fewer
* Weight loss of 5% to 15% of total body weight can lower an individual<nowiki>’</nowiki>s chance of heart disease or having a stroke, as weight loss may improve blood pressure, triglycerides, cholesterol levels, decrease inflammation throughout the body, and improve mental health and quality of life. Moderate intentional weight loss sustained over time may be associated with reduced mortality
* Only 8% of American adults are aware of the link between overweight and cancer.<br>Overweight leads to insulin resistance and may be linked to breast cancer, aggressive prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and endometrial, kidney, pancreatic and esophagus cancer as well as lymphomas
* Higher levels of physical activity promote long-term weight loss better than conventional recommendations for low to moderate activity (Figure 8)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_08.png|Figure 8. Effect of physical activity on body weight]]
* People who exercise regularly achieve better maintenance of weight loss and have beneficial effects on their cardiovascular, physical and psychological well-being
* Compared to a low-fat diet or conventional weight loss diet, a low-carbohydrate diet program had better participant retention and greater weight loss—there were beneficial effects on serum triglyceride levels and high density lipoprotein as well as improved glycemic control
* Diet and exercise may prevent or delay the onset of diabetes
** Modest weight loss and changes in lifestyle reduced the 3-year incidence of type 2 diabetes by 58%
** Weight loss strategies using dietary, physical activity or behavioral interventions produced significant improvements in weight among person with pre-diabetes, and a significant decrease in diabetes incidence
* Dietary guidelines encourage eating fewer calories, being more active and making wise food choices. Making wise food choices involves a careful look at nutrition labels and calories consumed. Carbohydrates and protein each contain 4 calories/gram while alcohol and fat contain 7 calories and 9 calories per gram, respectively. Don<nowiki>’</nowiki>t waste the daily allotment with empty calories – calories do count

===The Universe for Reducing Calories is Expanding===
'''Prevalence of overweight and obese adults is increasing'''
* Obesity among all ages, races, educational levels, and smoking levels is increasing
* Between 1991 and 2001 prevalence of obesity increased by 74% – 21.4 million obese men and 22.9 million obese women
* During this same time period the percentage of overweight adults increased from 45% to 58%
* In 2004, obese adults represented ≥ 25% of the adult population in 9 of the 50 states (Figure 1)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_09.png|Figure 1. Prevalence of obesity among US adults, 1991, 1996 and 2004.]]

* In 2003, more than 136,000,000 American adults were overweight, and this number continues to grow
* Recent evidence suggests that increases in body weight in women may be leveling off, though no specific reason for the trend was given

'''Prevalence of overweight among children has tripled'''
* Figure 2 shows the change in percent of overweight children, 6-12 and 12-19 years of age, from data analyzed in the mid 1960s and at the turn of the century
* In 2003-2004, '''''17.1% of children and adolescents 2-19 years of age (over 12.5 million) were overweight'''''
* Prevalence of overweight among girls increased from 13.8% in 1999 to 16.0% in 2004
* Prevalence of overweight among boys increased from 14.0% to 18.2% during the same time frame
* Overweight is associated with a number of comorbidities in children
* Metabolic, orthopedic, cardiovascular, psychological, neurological, hepatic, pulmonary and renal comorbid conditions can exist
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_10.png|Figure 2. Prevalence of pediatric obesity]]

'''Body mass index (BMI), calculated with height and weight, is used to define overweight and obesity'''

* The NHLBI defines underweight, normal weight, overweight and 3 classes of obesity based on BMI (Table 1)
* BMI = kg/m<sup>2</sup> <nowiki>{</nowiki>BMI = weight (pounds) x 703 ÷ height squared (inches)<nowiki>}</nowiki>
* BMI and waist circumference correlate with the amount of body fat; both are surrogate markers of body fat

'''Table 1. Defining overweight and obesity.'''

{|border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="50%"
|align = "center"|'''Classifications of BMI'''
|align = "center"|'''BMI'''
|-
|align = "center"|Underweight
|align = "center"|<nowiki><</nowiki> 18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|align = "center"|Normal weight
|align = "center"|18.5-24.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|align = "center"|Overweight
|align = "center"|25-29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|align = "center"|Obesity (Class 1)
|align = "center"|30-30.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|align = "center"|Obesity (Class 2)
|align = "center"|35-39.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|align = "center"|Extreme obesity (Class 3)
|align = "center"|<nowiki>></nowiki> 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
|}

'''Obesity and weight gain are associated with an increased risk of diabetes'''
* Prevalence of obesity from 1991 to 2001 correlates with the increased prevalence of diabetes<sup> </sup>(Figure 4)
* Between 1990 and 2001 the prevalence of diabetes increased 61%
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_12.png|Figure 4. Prevalence of obesity and diabetes among US adults, 1991 and 2001.]]

* In 2003, 14,100,000 Americans had been diagnosed with diabetes
* More than 80% of type 2 diabetes patients are either overweight or obese
* Diabetic women are at increased risk of major cardiovascular disease and represent the only group where cardiovascular mortality is increasing

'''There is a progression from normal blood sugar to type 2 diabetes'''

* Prediabetes is a new term for a condition found in adults before they are diagnosed with diabetes
* Prediabetes is characterized by higher than normal blood glucose levels, either impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance not yet high enough to be classified as diabetes
* Almost all diabetic patients go through a phase called impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (Figure 5)
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_13.png|Figure 5. Progression to diabetes]]
* Based on projected NHANES III data, the number of prediabetic individuals was almost 12 million in 2000 among overweight individuals (Figure 6)
*• Patients with prediabetes have the potential to develop diabetes within a decade if no modifications to their diet and level of physical activity are made
* Over 50 million adults ages 40-74 have prediabetes, of which 1 in 4 will develop type 2 diabetes
[[Image:Maintaining_a_healthy_weight_is_a_challenge_for_most_Americans_14.png|Figure 6. Proportion of overweight adults with IFG only, IFG and IGT, and IGT only]]

* Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors is high among patients with prediabetes:
** 94.9% had dyslipidemia
** 56.5% had hypertension
** 13.9% had microalbuminuria
** 16.6% were current smokers
* Prediabetes increases a person<nowiki>’</nowiki>s risk for an MI or stroke by 50%

'''Obesity and diabetes can be prevented'''

* The 1979 Surgeon General<nowiki>’</nowiki>s Report, ''Healthy People'', laid the foundation for a national prevention agenda to ensure that good health, as well as long life, are enjoyed by all
* The Healthy People 2010 objective is to reduce the prevalence of '''''obesity among adults to <nowiki><</nowiki> 15%, and to have <nowiki>></nowiki> 60% of the adult population in the normal weight range'''''
* Another Healthy People 2010 objective is to reduce the number of '''''overweight or obese children and adolescents aged 6-19 years to 5%'''''
* The American Diabetes Association recommends that all overweight people 45 years of age or older with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose should be classified as having prediabetes and that they are potential candidates for diabetes prevention interventions
* The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) showed that diet and exercise resulting in a 5 to 7 percent weight loss lowered the incidence of type 2 diabetes by 58%
**Participants lost weight by cutting fat and calories in their diet and by exercising at least 30 minutes per day, 5 days per week
== The Essential Elements of Diet Menus for Diabetes==
Diet menus for diabetes need to be
* Low
** in fats, particularly saturated or animal fats
**in white, refined flour
**in cholesterol
**in calories, since obesity dramatically increases the risk of heart disease
**in simple or refined sugars
**in sodium, particularly if elevated blood pressure has already been identified

* High
**in complex carbohydrates, particularly those containing raw fiber. For example: brown bread, brown rice
**in fresh fruits and vegetables
[http://weightlossinternational.com/newsletter/diet-menus-for-diabetes.html Source]

==Food constituents==
===Carbohydrates===
Carbohydrates come from a wide array of foods - bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, corn, and cherry pie. The most common and abundant are sugars, fibers, and starches. The basic building block of a carbohydrate is a sugar molecule, a simple union of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Starches and fibers are essentially chains of sugar molecules.

Carbohydrates were grouped into two main categories:
* Simple carbohydrates included sugars such as fruit sugar (fructose), corn or grape sugar (dextrose or glucose), and table sugar (sucrose).
* Complex carbohydrates included everything made of three or more linked sugars.

[[image:diabetes food pyramid.jpeg|center|600 px|thumb|Diabetes Food Pyramid ([http://www.diabetes.org/nutrition-and-recipes/nutrition/foodpyramid.jsp Source])]]
'''Examples'''
* Simple Carbohydrates
** Fruit juices
** Jams, jellies
** Candy
** Sugar, maple syrup, honey
** Sweeteners in food: dextrose, high fructose, corn syrup
** Kool-Aid
** Cakes, pies, cookies, ice cream, pudding

* Complex Carbohydrates
** Whole grain breads, crackers
** Rice
** Pasta
** Tortillas
** Beans
** Corn, peas, lima beans

Foods contain three major types of nutrients: carbohydrates (carbs), proteins and fats. Carbohydrate foods most often come from plants, such as fruits, vegetables and grains. Carbohydrates are chains of sugar molecules; thus, they have the greatest effect on blood-sugar levels when these chains are digested (broken down).

Complex carbohydrates are longer chains of sugars. They are absorbed more slowly into the blood and cause a slower change in blood sugar than simple carbohydrates. 90-100% of the carbohydrate (CHO) eaten converts to sugar (glucose) within 15 minutes to 1.5 hours. Only 58% of the ingested protein, and less than 10% of fat, are converted into sugar within several hours after consumption. [http://www.mfm-evms.org/dm6acarbsdiabetes.html Source]

[[image:carbohydrates types.jpeg|center|thumbs|800 px]]

====Carbohydrates and the Glycemic Index====
A new system for classifying carbohydrates known as the glycemic index, measures how fast and how far blood sugar rises after you eat a food that contains carbohydrates

White bread, for example, is converted almost immediately to blood sugar, causing it to spike rapidly. It's classified as having a high glycemic index. Brown rice, in contrast, is digested more slowly, causing a lower and more gentle change in blood sugar. It has a low glycemic index.

Diets filled with high-glycemic-index foods, which cause quick and strong increases in blood sugar levels, have been linked to an increased risk for both diabetes and heart disease. [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates.html Source]

'''Glycemic Index'''

The glycemic index measures how fast a food is likely to raise your blood sugar. This can be helpfu. For example, if your blood sugar is low and continuing to drop during exercise, you would prefer to eat a carb that will raise your blood sugar quickly. On the other hand, if you would like to keep your blood sugar from dropping during a few hours of mild activity, you may prefer to eat a carb that has a lower glycemic index and longer action time. If your blood sugar tends to spike after breakfast, you may want to select a cereal that has a lower glycemic index.

'''Factors that influence how quickly the carbohydrates in food raise blood sugar include:'''

* Fiber content. Fiber shields the starchy carbohydrates in food immediate and rapid attack by digestive enzymes. This slows the release of sugar molecules into the bloodstream.
* Ripeness. Ripe fruits and vegetables tend to have more sugar than unripe ones, and so tend to have a higher glycemic index.
* Type of starch. Starch comes in many different configurations. Some are easier to break into sugar molecules than others. The starch in potatoes, for example, is digested and absorbed into the bloodstream relatively quickly.
* Fat content and acid content. The more fat or acid a food contains, the slower its carbohydrates are converted to sugar and absorbed into the bloodstream.
* Physical form. Finely ground grain is more rapidly digested, and so has a higher glycemic index, than more coarsely ground grain.

'''Carbohydrates and the Glycemic Load'''
* Low Glycemic Load
** High-fiber fruits and vegetables (not including potatoes)
** Bran cereals (1 oz)
** Many legumes, including chick peas, kidney beans, black beans, lentils, pinto beans (5 oz cooked, approx. 3/4 cup)
* Medium Glycemic Load
** Pearled barley: 1 cup cooked
** Brown rice: 3/4 cup cooked
** Oatmeal: 1 cup cooked
** Bulgur: 3/4 cup cooked
** Rice cakes: 3 cakes
** Whole grain breads: 1 slice
** Whole-grain pasta: 1 ¼ cup cooked
** No-sugar added fruit juices: 8 oz
* High Glycemic Load
** Baked potato
** French fries
** Refined cereal products: 1 oz
** Sugar-sweetened beverages: 12 oz
** Jelly beans: 10 large or 30 small
** Candy bars: 1 2-oz bar or 3 mini bars
** Couscous: 1 cup cooked
** Cranberry juice cocktail: 8 oz
** White basmati rice: 1 cup cooked
** White-flour pasta: 1¼ cup cooked

====Carbohydrates and Diabetes====

The long-held belief that eating foods containing "sugar" (sweets) will cause your blood glucose levels to rise higher and more quickly than starchy foods (bread, rice, pasta, etc.) has not been supported by scientific evidence. Both are forms of carbohydrates and both cause blood glucose to increase.

Research has shown that your total daily amount of carbohydrate intake affects your blood glucose levels. Carbohydrates have the most immediate effect on blood glucose levels, since carbohydrates are broken down into glucose (sugar) early during digestion. It is important to eat the suggested amount of carbohydrate at each meal, along with some protein, and fat.

Carbohydrates are mainly found in three food groups: Fruit; Milk and Yogurt; and Bread, Cereal, Rice, Pasta and Starchy Vegetables. You will need to consider the total amount of carbohydrates when working out your daily meal plan.

'''Carbohydrate counting'''
Counting grams of carbohydrate and evenly distributing them at meals will help you manage your blood glucose. Carbohydrate counting is a method of meal planning that is a simple way to keep track of the amount of total carbohydrate you eat each day. Instead of following an exchange list, you monitor how much carbohydrate (sugars and starches) you eat daily. One carbohydrate choice is equal to 15 grams of carbohydrate. Note: your consumption of protein and fat still counts as calories.

With carbohydrate counting, you can pick up almost any food product off the shelf, read the label, and use the information about grams of carbohydrate to fit the food into your meal plan.

Carbohydrate counting is most useful for people who take multiple daily injections of insulin, use an insulin pump, or who want more flexibility and variety in their food choices. The amount and type of insulin you are prescribed may affect the flexibility of your meal plan.

A registered dietitian can help you determine how much carbohydrate, as well as other foods, you should include in your daily meal plan.

Carbohydrate counting may not be for everyone, and the traditional method of following food exchange lists may be used instead.

===Fiber===
Fiber is the indigestible part of plant foods that plays an important role in the digestive process. Fiber helps move foods along the digestive tract and adds bulk to stool to speed its passage through the bowel and promote regular bowel movements. Fiber also delays sugar absorption, helping to better control blood glucose levels. In addition, fiber binds with cholesterol and may reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood. Lastly, fiber helps prevent constipation and reduces the risk of certain intestinal disorders.

The goal for all Americans is to consume 25 to 35 grams of fiber per day. The best way to increase your fiber intake is to eat more of these fiber-rich foods:
* Fresh fruits and vegetables
* Cooked dried beans and peas
* Whole grain breads, cereals, and crackers
* Brown rice
* Bran products

[http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/2600/2619.asp?index=9825 Source]
===Cheese===
* Glycemic Index: 60
* Glycemic Index Rating: Medium
* Glycemic Response to Cheese Pizza: Carbs in Cheese Pizza have a medium effect on blood sugar levels.
* Constituents: protein, calcium, riboflavin and fat (as a cup of whole milk - Lactose sugar)

===Proteins===
Beans and legumes are another excellent source of protein for humans. Beans do not contain all the essential amino acids when cooked in their usual manner, but through sprouting (link to sprouting) them you can enjoy a full spectrum of amino acids in an alkaline forming low glycemic index food. [http://www.ortogo.com/php/learning/build_art.php?67 Source]

===Vegetables===
Vegetables contain low glycemic, often considered “free food” carbohydrate sources. [http://www.ortogo.com/php/learning/build_art.php?67 Source]

===Legumes===
Legumes are a dense source of carbohydrate and certain amino acids. They are rich in fiber which helps to keep you clean on the inside. Low on the glycemic index legumes are a great source of energy for an active body. Legumes: Almost all legumes have a moderate glycemic index. They also provide a source of water-soluble fiber that is valuable for lowering cholesterol. They also provide phytoestrogens, which may provide health benefits. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_nhi4446/is_10/ai_n16083623/pg_6 Source]

===Dairy products===
Most dairy products have a low glycemic index. However, some people do not tolerate dairy very well.
[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_nhi4446/is_10/ai_n16083623/pg_6 Source]

===Fruits===
Fruits are generally in the middle of the road in terms of glycemic index; but dried fruits, which are concentrated, have a higher index. Drinking fruit juices will definitely increase blood sugar release. Therefore, fruit juices should be limited or diluted with three-fourths water. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_nhi4446/is_10/ai_n16083623/pg_6 Source]

Most sweeteners such as honey, molasses, sugar, and white grape juice concentrate tend to have a high glycemic index. Rice syrup and granulated rice sweeteners may be used instead. The artificial sweetener aspartame may increase insulin resistance over time. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_nhi4446/is_10/ai_n16083623/pg_6 Source]

===Grains===
Grains such as rice, wheat, and corn tend to have a high glycemic index, but grains such as buckwheat, millet, barley, rye, and bulgur are actually quite low. For successful weight loss and blood sugar control, this group of foods should be used in moderation. Also, the addition of fats such as olive oil or butter (in moderation) can lower the glycemic index. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_nhi4446/is_10/ai_n16083623/pg_6 Source]

==Regulation of glycemic index ==
Factors Affecting Glycemic Index of Foods are:
===Soluble fiber===
The gel-forming property of soluble fiber sources such as oats and barley has been proposed as the mechanism by which these grains reduce both cholesterol and glucose and insulin responses.

The high viscosity of the solution containing oat gum was concluded to be the property which delays gastric emptying and/or intestinal absorption resulting in these lower responses
===Starch structure===
Starch is composed of long chains of glucose (amylose) and highly branched chains of glucose (amylopectin). Hydrolysis of amylose would therefore result in fewer glucose molecules’ being freed at once than the hydrolysis of the highly branched amylopectin chains. Thus, high amylose content grains result in lower glucose responses than those which have a high content of amylopectin.
=== Particle size===
Boiled whole kernels and larger particle sizes are associated with lower glucose and insulin responses for a variety of grain sources.

'''Conclusion'''
* The greater the particle size, the lower the glucose and insulin response.
* The greater the level of processing and refining, the higher the response.
* Grains with high levels of soluble beta glucans such as oats, rye and barley are generally more effective in improving insulin sensitivity than wheat, which contains predominantly insoluble dietary fiber.
* The high viscosity of these soluble fibers is partially responsible for these beneficial effects.
* Corn and rice can have either high or low glycemic indices because their amylose and amylopectin contents vary.
* Higher amylose content results in lower glucose and insulin responses.
* Replacing low fiber grain foods such as cornflakes or white bread with whole grain higher fiber or higher amylose content products will reduce risk of developing insulin resistance and obesity and improve the health of the American population.

'''Potential mechanisms whereby high-glycemic-load diets could increase risk of type 2 diabetes'''
[[image:Potential mechanisms whereby high-glycemic-load diets could increase risk of type 2 diabetes.jpeg|thumb|center|800 px]]

==Overview of U.S. Food Customs and Terminology ==
[http://www.uta.fi/FAST/US1/REF/usfood.html Source]

===Overview: Traditional "typical" meals===
* Breakfast: O.J., bacon and eggs, sausage, pancakes, waffles, toast/french toast, cold cereals, oatmeal or cream of wheat, yogurt, applesauce, milk, coffee
* Brunch: above plus bagels & lox, fruits, Danish rolls
* Lunch: soup and sandwiches, cottage cheese, fruit
* Sandwich types: BLT, PBJ, tuna salad, egg salad, hero, submarine, grinder, hoagy, poor-boy, "Dagwood sandwich", Reuben sandwish, corned-beef, pita
* Dinner: fried chicken, steak, roast beef/pork, 2 vegetables (mashed potatos, corn, beans, peas, carrots, broccoli), tossed salad, cole slaw, jello "salads", dessert (apple pie [á la môde], cobbler, ice cream, cake).
* Meal drinks: coffee, iced tea, [iced coffee], beer, wine, milk, water, soft drinks
* Supper: hash, stew, hot sandwiches, leftovers

===Holiday meals===
* Thanksgiving: turkey and dressing, cranberry sauce, sweet potato casserole, corn, beans, peas, pumpkin pie ...
* Christmas: ham, turkey, fruitcake, mincemeat pie, Christmas stollen, egg nog, mulled wine,
* Independence Day: picnics with hot dogs, hamburgers, potato chips, pickles, roasted marshmallows, potato salad, 3-bean salad, pork & beans, ice cream, pie
* "Traditional" foods: succotash, squash, yams, sweet potatos, chili, corn bread, corn sticks, spoon bread, strawberry shortcake, fried catfish, sourdough bread

=== Food trends in recent years===
* More fast-food restaurants, McDonalds, Burger King, Col. Sanders' Kentucky Fried Chicken, Arby's Roast Beef, Long John Silver's seafood, Domino's Pizza, Pizza Hut, Godfather's Pizza, Taco Bell, Roy Rogers, Orange Julius, Subway Shoppe, Au Bon Pain
* 24-hour 'convenience' restaurants, such as Denney's, Interstate Pancake House, Howard Johnson's (HoJo)
* Oriental restarants — take-out or dine-in
* "Power breakfasts," "brown-bag lunches," no-host bars
* "De-caf" coffee (and tea), more consumption of fish, grilled swordfish, etc.; rise of Mexican food dishes

===Vast differences in U.S. regional & ethnic food cultures===
* German, Polish, Scandinavian cultures in Midwest
* French cuisine around New Orleans, Maine
* Mexican/Spanish in Southwest, Florida
* Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai in West/South
* Indian, Pakistani, Afghan, Ethiopian, etc. in East
* Native American Indian, etc., throughout U.S.
* Cuban, Puerto Rican, South American in Florida

===Selected Main Courses===
* Meatloaf, meatballs, creamed chipped beef,
* Ham (sugar-cured, "picnic," "rolled," "country", Virginia)
* Spaghetti & meatballs, macaroni & cheese
* Quiche, Turf & Surf, spareribs
* Chicken (fried, barbequed, fricasseed, roasted, grilled)
* Turkey (Butterball), duck, goose, lamb, pork
* Caesar salad, Chef's salad, chicken salad, tuna salad
* Catfish, lobster, salmon, trout, shrimp, swordfish, cod

===Selected Side Dishes===
* Beans (baked, green, lima, string, wax, kidney, shell, fava)
* Peas (green, in-the-pod, black-eyed, lentils, chickpeas)
* Zzucchini, other squashes
* Corn (on the cob, whole-kernel, creamed, hominy, grits)
* Succotash (corn & lima beans together)
* Rice (white, brown, wild; steamed, creamed, boiled, fried)
* Broccoli, asparagus, okra, spinach, kohlrabi, turnips, chard
* Noodles, macaroni, dumplings, potato pancakes
* Cottage cheese, sliced fruit

===Selected Soups===
* Clam chowder, chicken, chicken-noodle, black bean, pea
* Tomato soup, creamed celery/potato soups, onion/cheese soups
* Gumbos, jambalayas, vichyssoise, Scotch broth, shrimp bisque

===Selected Desserts===
* Various pies, cakes, cobblers, cookies, puddings, custards
* ice cream, sherbet, frozen yogurt, brownies, fudge, mousse
* fruit compotes, melons, baked alaska, muffins, crepes, soufflés

===Party and Reception or other "Occasion" Foods===
* Hors d'oeuvres, dips, guacamole, pretzels, bread sticks, (cocktail party 'finger food')
* Chicken wings, quiches, meatballs, turkey or ham or chicken 'rolls' or 'logs'
* Frankfurters, potato chips & salad, dill pickles, french fries
* Toasted marshmallows, peanut butter fudge/brittle, popcorn balls, "s'mores"
* Frog legs, mountain oysters,

===Common Ethnic Foods===
* Tortillas, enchiladas, tacos, burritos, tamales, nachos
* Knockwurst, kielbasa, sauerkraut,
* Lasagne, canneloni, pastas, manicotti, ravioli, vermicelli

===African-American "Soul" Food Examples===
* Black-eyed peas and ham hocks, chitterlings, pork neck bones and sauerkraut, fried catfish, oxtail soup
* Biscuits, corn bread
* Collard greens, fried okra, grits
* Sweet potato pie

==Wheat processing==
AX-rich fiber was extracted from the byproduct of wheat-flour processing. Arabinoxylan (AX) is a hemicellulose that has a xylose backbone with arabinose side chains. Postprandial glucose and insulin responses were improved by ingestion of AX-rich fiber. Further research is required to determine whether AX-rich fiber is of benefit to people with type 2 diabetes. [http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/71/5/1123 Source]
==Digestive system==
<table align=center>
<tr>
<td>[[image:digestion of food.jpeg|thumb|left|center|450 px]] </td>
<td>[[image:key.gif|thumb|right|center|300 px]] </td>
</tr>
</table>
[[Detailed information on breakdown of food and fat]]

==Metabolic pathways==
[[image:metabolic pathway1.gif|center|700 px|thumb]]
[[image:metabolic pathway.gif|center|700 px|thumb]]
==Glucose regulation==

[[image:image10.gif|center|700 px|thumb]]

==Insulin overview==
===Insulin secretion===
Insulin secretion in beta cells is triggered by rising blood glucose levels. Starting with the uptake of glucose by the GLUT2 transporter, the glycolytic phosphorylation of glucose causes a rise in the ATP:ADP ratio. This rise inactivates the potassium channel that depolarizes the membrane, causing the calcium channel to open up allowing calcium ions to flow inward. The ensuing rise in levels of calcium leads to the exocytotic release of insulin from their storage granule.

[[image:image11.jpeg|center|700 px|thumb]]

===How insulin works===
Insulin molecules circulate throughout the blood stream until they bind to their associated (insulin) receptors. The insulin receptors promote the uptake of glucose into various tissues that contain type 4 glucose transporters (GLUT4). Such tissues include skeletal muscles (which burn glucose for energy) and fat tissues (which convert glucose to triglycerides for storage). The initial binding of insulin to its receptor initiates a signal transduction cascade that communicates the message delivered by insulin: remove glucose from blood plasma (see panel 3). Among the wide array of cellular responses resulting from insulin ‘activation,’ the key step in glucose metabolism is the immediate activation and increased levels of GLUT4 glucose transporters. By the facilitative transport of glucose into the cells, the glucose transporters effectively remove glucose from the blood stream. Insulin binding results in changes in the activities and concentrations of intracellular enzymes such as GLUT4. These changes can last from minutes to hours.

As important as insulin is to preventing too high of a blood glucose level, it is just as important that there not be too much insulin and hypoglycemia. As one step in monitoring insulin levels, the enzyme insulinase (found in the liver and kidneys) breaks down blood-circulating insulin resulting in a half-life of about six minutes for the hormone. This degradative process ensures that levels of circulating insulin are modulated and that blood glucose levels do not get dangerously low.
[[image:image12.jpeg|center|700 px|thumb]]
Insulin binding to the insulin receptor induces a signal transduction cascade which allows the glucose transporter (GLUT4) to transport glucose into the cell.

== Analysis of Oreo cookies ==
===Key ingredient of Oreo cookies===
Identifies the various ingredients of the Oreo cookies. The high fructose corn syrup and wheat flour have high glycemic index and are problematic to the diabetes. Thus we have done further deep dive on high fructose corn syrup and wheat flour

[[image:Key ingredient of Oreo cookies.jpeg|center|thumb|500 px]]

===Substitutes for High fructose corn syrup===
[[image:Substitutes for High fructose corn syrup.jpeg|center|thumb|500 px]]

===Substitutes for wheat flour===
[[image:Substitutes for wheat flour.jpeg|center|thumb|500 px]]

===Mitigation - High fructose corn syrup===
[[image:Mitigation - High fructose corn syrup.jpeg|center|thumb|500 px]]

===Mitigation – Wheat flour===
[[image:Mitigation–Wheat flour.jpeg|center|thumb|500px]]

===Products substitute for High fructose corn syrup===

[[image:Products substitute for High fructose corn syrup.jpeg|center|thumb|500px]]

===Products substitute for wheat flour===

[[image:Products substitute for wheat flour.jpeg|center|thumb|500px]]

==Presentation==
* Slideset: [[Media: Diabetes - Oreo Cookies.ppt|Oreo Cookies and the sweeteners used in them]]

==Herbal treatment==

'''Information Links'''

http://www.healthinfoforyou.com/an/natural-cure-for-diabetes.htm
http://www.holisticonline.com/Remedies/Diabetes/diabetes_herbs.htm
http://natureproducts.net/Medicine/diabetes_herbal_tea.html
http://www.diabeteslibrary.org/news/news_search.cfm?searchem=herb%20for%20diabetes
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/050218160028.htm
http://alternativehealing.org/diabetes.htm
http://www.defeatdiabetes.org/Articles/herbs050214.htm
http://www.thehealthierlife.co.uk/article/3132/diabetes-herbal-remedy.html
http://ezinearticles.com/?Natural-Cure-for-Diabetes&id=103510
http://www.shirleys-wellness-cafe.com/diabetes.htm
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/diabetes/

Innovative personal finance products

2007-01-03T11:59:14Z

121.247.113.223: /* Idea 1 */

== Brief ==
* Identify innovative personal finance products in various countries
* Personal finance products such as loans, credit cards etc. customized and productized in ways to appeal to local markets

== Approach ==
# Trend analysis
#* Demographic trends
#* Market trends
#* Technology trends
#* Regional trends
#* Sociocultural trends
#* Internet and communication trends
# Market analysis
#* Quantifying above trends
#* Estimating size of markets
# Identify needs based on trends
# Survey of existing products
#* Analyze strengths, weaknesses of existing products
#* Identify new products
# New product ideas
#* Invent new products based on trends
# Qualify new product ideas
#* Quantify market size for new ideas
#* Identify implementation strategies for new ideas

== India: Demographic trends ==
* Asia is exploding with money
* China, India etc. have a voracious appetite for credit
* People there are very worried about weddings, especially daughters' weddings can be extremely expensive

=== 300 million strong middle class ===
* The Indian middle class is 300 million people with a purchasing power of US families with $15,000-$35,000 in annual income
* Huge appetite for two-wheelers, telephones and cars
[[Image:PersFin Middle Class.gif|thumb|center|400px|300 million strong middle class]]

=== Demographic dividend ===
* With one of the youngest populations in the world, India is ready to reap the demographic dividend of a large, young workforce over the next several decades.
{|
|-
| [[Image:PersFin India Population Pyramid - 2010.png|thumb|center|250px|India Population Pyramid - 2010]]
| [[Image:PersFin India Population Pyramid - 2020.png|thumb|center|250px|India Population Pyramid - 2020]]
| [[Image:PersFin India Population Pyramid - 2050.png|thumb|center|250px|India Population Pyramid - 2050]]
|}

=== Education ===
* 50% of India's population is below the age of 25 and 2/3rd of the population is below the age of 35
<table align=center>
<tr>
<td>[[Image:PersFin Education 2.gif|thumb|center|200px|Low levels of literacy]]
</td>
<td>[[Image:PersFin Education.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Children in immaculate school uniforms leaving the most basic housing. Buying these uniforms must put immense strain on the family finances, but education is highly valued. The population is growing faster than schools can be built to accommodate them, so the schools work on a shift system.]]</td>
</tr>
</table>

=== Employment ===
* In some areas of knowledge services, salaries in India are [http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2007/jan/01sal.htm coming close to American salaries] in Purchase-Power Parity (PPP) terms

== India: Financial trends ==
=== Overall economy ===
{| class="wikitable" width="80%" style="font-size:90%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | GDP growth in FY 2005-06
| '''8.1%'''
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | GDP growth predicted for FY 2006-07
| '''7.5%'''
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Savings as percentage of GDP
| '''29.1%''' in FY 2004 and '''25.9%''' in FY 2005
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Net income of Sensex 30 companies
| '''36.4%''' in FY 2005-06
|-
|}

* GDP growth is projected at 6% and higher for the coming decades, making India the fastest-growing large economy in the world
[[Image:PersFin GDP Growth.jpg|thumb|center|400px|GDP growth in India]]

=== Foreign Direct Investments ===
* Foreign Direct Investment inflows are rapidly growing in India and have reportedly reached an all-time high of $7 billion last year, doubling from just 6 years ago
[[Image:PersFin FDI India.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Foreign Direct Investments in India]]

=== Credit ===
<table align=center>
<tr>
<td>[[Image:PersFin Spot Finance.jpg|thumb|center|200px|Spot finance]]</td>
<td>[[Image:PersFin Zero Percent Credit.jpg|thumb|center|200px|0% credit]]</td>
</tr>
</table>
* Booming economy with a growing middle class
* Access to credit is relatively new

{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="80%" style="font-size:90%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|-
! style="background:lightblue" |"There is a great investment opportunity opening up in India. We term this investment area as the 'lifestyle segment.'" - [http://in.rediff.com/money/2006/jan/31perfin.htm Nilesh Shah, President, Kotak Mahindra Asset Management Co. Ltd.]
|}
* Demand for consumer goods is growing rapidly

==== Rural credit ====
* [http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNi8wOC8wOCNBcjAxNTAz&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom Lack of access to savings mechanisms and credit is one of the biggest challenges for villagers in India.]
* According to a World Bank study, in Andhra Pradesh, 59% of rural households lack access to deposit accounts and 79% don’t have borrowing facility from the organised financial sector. Bankers too complain that though the rural potential is huge, they don’t have enough knowledge about the rural customer.
* Innovative concepts, such as a [http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNi8wOC8wOCNBcjAxNTAz&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom mobile ATM machine] are being tried out at the moment.
[[Image:PersFin Rural ATM.jpg|thumb|center|400px|[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNi8wOC8wOCNBcjAxNTAz&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom State Bank of India/Microsoft experiment for rural ATM was tested with 20,000 villagers in 5 villages]]]

=== Microfinance ===
[[Image:PersFin Microfinance.jpeg|thumb|right|180px|Microfinance is a major trend in India]]
* 1.4 million microfinance groups in India
* Over 20 million members for microfinance groups
* According to [http://www.uncdf.org/english/microfinance/newsletter/pages/2005_06/news_india.php one estimate], 30 million non-agricultural enterprises and 50 million landless households in India collectively need approximately $30 billion credit annually
* Microfinance is growing in South India, which contrasts with the stagnation in Eastern, Central and North Eastern India
* Downside: Microfinance involves very high transaction costs given the small amounts of money involved for each loan, which necessitates high transaction costs

=== Remittances ===
<table align=center>
<tr>
<td>[[Image:PersFin WesternUnion.jpeg|thumb|center|150px|Reimbursements to India are growing]]</td>
<td>[[Image:PersFin WesternUnion 2.jpeg|thumb|center|400px|[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Trillion-dollar_investment_hope_spurs_govt_into_action/articleshow/889333.cms India receives $23 billion a year in foreign remittances]]]</td>
</tr>
</table>
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Trillion-dollar_investment_hope_spurs_govt_into_action/articleshow/889333.cms India receives $23 billion a year in foreign remittances]

=== Hawala ===
* An illegal system of payment, [http://www.interpol.int/Public/FinancialCrime/MoneyLaundering/hawala/default.asp hawala] remains popular as a way of remitting money
[[Image:PersFin Hawala.gif|center|400px|Hawala transactions]]

=== Payments ===
* Cash-on-delivery (COD) remains one of the preferred methods of payment
[[Image:PersFin Cash-on-delivery.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Cash-on-delivery is a preferred mode of payment]]
* Fraud is a major problem, e.g. loans on homes are based on higher valuations by the appraiser
* There is no credit rating system and the judicial system does not allow companies to easily recover their money from the borrowers
* A high amount of undisclosed income
* Hawala
* Cash-on-delivery (COD)
* Airlines, railways and others are now selling tickets online and it is cheaper than buying through an agent or from the airline. You need a credit card to buy these online.
* Pension funds are still big in India. Not clear if India will go the US route of defined contribution plan (as opposed to defined benefit plan)

== India: Customer service ==
* If you want to open an account of if you want a loan, someone comes to your house from the bank to get the papers to you
* If you want to exchange currency, someone comes to your house for that too

== India: Sociocultural trends ==
* Movies get financing from the underworld and other unsavory sources

=== Dowry ===
* The custom of dowry is well-entrenched in Indian society and puts extreme financial pressure on brides and their families
* [http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/10/22/news/dowry.php An average of one dowry death is reported every 77 minutes according to the National Crime Record Bureau]

== Anecdotes ==
* There was this article about citibank or someone hiring goons to get an executive woman to pay her credit card bill. She defaulted because she was travelling. She created a big stinker.
* A grocery store in India figured out that its cost of capital was much higher than what their customers were earning in a savings account. They came up with a scheme whereby consumers could give them a deposit and they would give them coupons to shop in their store. The effective interest rate that the consumer was getting was higher than what a bank offered them, however the interest rate was however lower than the cost of capital for the grocery store and they got loyal customers.

== Needs ==
# Non-traditional ways of evaluating credit worthiness
# How to give credit to developing markets using different approaches than developed markets
# Short-term loans
#* High transaction fees but low interest
#* Non-revolving credit card
#* Need money to buy groceries this week, pay back next week or end of month (Payday loan?)
# Programs to help fund big events such as daughter's weddings
# Financial advisory services to high net worth individuals
# Financing for movies
# Simplified COD
# Escrow services
# Loans for individuals with lower credit scores (people who don't appear very credit worthy on paper)
# A clearing house that could collect cash from people's houses or stores for airline/railways transactions - that would be convenient for people without credit cards

== Links ==
# [http://www.usindiafriendship.net/viewpoints1/debroy.htm India's demographic dividend]
# [http://www.uncdf.org/english/microfinance/newsletter/pages/2005_06/news_india.php Microfinance in India]
# [http://www.interpol.int/Public/FinancialCrime/MoneyLaundering/hawala/default.asp Hawala]

== Idea 1 ==
* Jewellers in India give lose guarantees that upon return of the jewellery, value of the metal in jewellery adjusted for workmanship costs will be redeemed. This acts as a big incentive for people to invest in jewellery as principal amount is secure. However, there is no formal guarantee mechanism to ensure the contract.
* This can be an opportunity for banks to step in, whereupon the banks can underwrite the value of the jewellery and assure full value upon jewellery redemption. Banks can extend loans to people to buy jewellery, whereby interest is charged differently for the value of the metal (lower interest rate) and higher for the loan against workmanship.

== Idea 2 ==
* Tailormade credit cards where a customer can choose from 3 preferred vendors, whose card he/she wishes to have.

== Idea 3 ==
* Sodexho like ration card passes delivered to corporates. Corporates in turn will pay the pass provider and in turn hand over such passes to their employees, who can only purchase ration with such passes.

== Idea 4 ==

Innovative personal finance products

2007-01-03T10:03:49Z

121.247.113.223: /* Idea 2 */

== Brief ==
* Identify innovative personal finance products in various countries
* Personal finance products such as loans, credit cards etc. customized and productized in ways to appeal to local markets

== Approach ==
# Trend analysis
#* Demographic trends
#* Market trends
#* Technology trends
#* Regional trends
#* Sociocultural trends
#* Internet and communication trends
# Market analysis
#* Quantifying above trends
#* Estimating size of markets
# Identify needs based on trends
# Survey of existing products
#* Analyze strengths, weaknesses of existing products
#* Identify new products
# New product ideas
#* Invent new products based on trends
# Qualify new product ideas
#* Quantify market size for new ideas
#* Identify implementation strategies for new ideas

== India: Demographic trends ==
* Asia is exploding with money
* China, India etc. have a voracious appetite for credit
* People there are very worried about weddings, especially daughters' weddings can be extremely expensive

=== 300 million strong middle class ===
* The Indian middle class is 300 million people with a purchasing power of US families with $15,000-$35,000 in annual income
* Huge appetite for two-wheelers, telephones and cars
[[Image:PersFin Middle Class.gif|thumb|center|400px|300 million strong middle class]]

=== Demographic dividend ===
* With one of the youngest populations in the world, India is ready to reap the demographic dividend of a large, young workforce over the next several decades.
{|
|-
| [[Image:PersFin India Population Pyramid - 2010.png|thumb|center|250px|India Population Pyramid - 2010]]
| [[Image:PersFin India Population Pyramid - 2020.png|thumb|center|250px|India Population Pyramid - 2020]]
| [[Image:PersFin India Population Pyramid - 2050.png|thumb|center|250px|India Population Pyramid - 2050]]
|}

=== Education ===
* 50% of India's population is below the age of 25 and 2/3rd of the population is below the age of 35
<table align=center>
<tr>
<td>[[Image:PersFin Education 2.gif|thumb|center|200px|Low levels of literacy]]
</td>
<td>[[Image:PersFin Education.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Children in immaculate school uniforms leaving the most basic housing. Buying these uniforms must put immense strain on the family finances, but education is highly valued. The population is growing faster than schools can be built to accommodate them, so the schools work on a shift system.]]</td>
</tr>
</table>

=== Employment ===
* In some areas of knowledge services, salaries in India are [http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2007/jan/01sal.htm coming close to American salaries] in Purchase-Power Parity (PPP) terms

== India: Financial trends ==
=== Overall economy ===
{| class="wikitable" width="80%" style="font-size:90%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | GDP growth in FY 2005-06
| '''8.1%'''
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | GDP growth predicted for FY 2006-07
| '''7.5%'''
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Savings as percentage of GDP
| '''29.1%''' in FY 2004 and '''25.9%''' in FY 2005
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Net income of Sensex 30 companies
| '''36.4%''' in FY 2005-06
|-
|}

* GDP growth is projected at 6% and higher for the coming decades, making India the fastest-growing large economy in the world
[[Image:PersFin GDP Growth.jpg|thumb|center|400px|GDP growth in India]]

=== Foreign Direct Investments ===
* Foreign Direct Investment inflows are rapidly growing in India and have reportedly reached an all-time high of $7 billion last year, doubling from just 6 years ago
[[Image:PersFin FDI India.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Foreign Direct Investments in India]]

=== Credit ===
<table align=center>
<tr>
<td>[[Image:PersFin Spot Finance.jpg|thumb|center|200px|Spot finance]]</td>
<td>[[Image:PersFin Zero Percent Credit.jpg|thumb|center|200px|0% credit]]</td>
</tr>
</table>
* Booming economy with a growing middle class
* Access to credit is relatively new

{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="80%" style="font-size:90%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|-
! style="background:lightblue" |"There is a great investment opportunity opening up in India. We term this investment area as the 'lifestyle segment.'" - [http://in.rediff.com/money/2006/jan/31perfin.htm Nilesh Shah, President, Kotak Mahindra Asset Management Co. Ltd.]
|}
* Demand for consumer goods is growing rapidly

==== Rural credit ====
* [http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNi8wOC8wOCNBcjAxNTAz&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom Lack of access to savings mechanisms and credit is one of the biggest challenges for villagers in India.]
* According to a World Bank study, in Andhra Pradesh, 59% of rural households lack access to deposit accounts and 79% don’t have borrowing facility from the organised financial sector. Bankers too complain that though the rural potential is huge, they don’t have enough knowledge about the rural customer.
* Innovative concepts, such as a [http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNi8wOC8wOCNBcjAxNTAz&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom mobile ATM machine] are being tried out at the moment.
[[Image:PersFin Rural ATM.jpg|thumb|center|400px|[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNi8wOC8wOCNBcjAxNTAz&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom State Bank of India/Microsoft experiment for rural ATM was tested with 20,000 villagers in 5 villages]]]

=== Microfinance ===
[[Image:PersFin Microfinance.jpeg|thumb|right|180px|Microfinance is a major trend in India]]
* 1.4 million microfinance groups in India
* Over 20 million members for microfinance groups
* According to [http://www.uncdf.org/english/microfinance/newsletter/pages/2005_06/news_india.php one estimate], 30 million non-agricultural enterprises and 50 million landless households in India collectively need approximately $30 billion credit annually
* Microfinance is growing in South India, which contrasts with the stagnation in Eastern, Central and North Eastern India
* Downside: Microfinance involves very high transaction costs given the small amounts of money involved for each loan, which necessitates high transaction costs

=== Remittances ===
<table align=center>
<tr>
<td>[[Image:PersFin WesternUnion.jpeg|thumb|center|150px|Reimbursements to India are growing]]</td>
<td>[[Image:PersFin WesternUnion 2.jpeg|thumb|center|400px|[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Trillion-dollar_investment_hope_spurs_govt_into_action/articleshow/889333.cms India receives $23 billion a year in foreign remittances]]]</td>
</tr>
</table>
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Trillion-dollar_investment_hope_spurs_govt_into_action/articleshow/889333.cms India receives $23 billion a year in foreign remittances]

=== Hawala ===
* An illegal system of payment, [http://www.interpol.int/Public/FinancialCrime/MoneyLaundering/hawala/default.asp hawala] remains popular as a way of remitting money
[[Image:PersFin Hawala.gif|center|400px|Hawala transactions]]

=== Payments ===
* Cash-on-delivery (COD) remains one of the preferred methods of payment
[[Image:PersFin Cash-on-delivery.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Cash-on-delivery is a preferred mode of payment]]
* Fraud is a major problem, e.g. loans on homes are based on higher valuations by the appraiser
* There is no credit rating system and the judicial system does not allow companies to easily recover their money from the borrowers
* A high amount of undisclosed income
* Hawala
* Cash-on-delivery (COD)
* Airlines, railways and others are now selling tickets online and it is cheaper than buying through an agent or from the airline. You need a credit card to buy these online.
* Pension funds are still big in India. Not clear if India will go the US route of defined contribution plan (as opposed to defined benefit plan)

== India: Customer service ==
* If you want to open an account of if you want a loan, someone comes to your house from the bank to get the papers to you
* If you want to exchange currency, someone comes to your house for that too

== India: Sociocultural trends ==
* Movies get financing from the underworld and other unsavory sources

=== Dowry ===
* The custom of dowry is well-entrenched in Indian society and puts extreme financial pressure on brides and their families
* [http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/10/22/news/dowry.php An average of one dowry death is reported every 77 minutes according to the National Crime Record Bureau]

== Anecdotes ==
* There was this article about citibank or someone hiring goons to get an executive woman to pay her credit card bill. She defaulted because she was travelling. She created a big stinker.
* A grocery store in India figured out that its cost of capital was much higher than what their customers were earning in a savings account. They came up with a scheme whereby consumers could give them a deposit and they would give them coupons to shop in their store. The effective interest rate that the consumer was getting was higher than what a bank offered them, however the interest rate was however lower than the cost of capital for the grocery store and they got loyal customers.

== Needs ==
# Non-traditional ways of evaluating credit worthiness
# How to give credit to developing markets using different approaches than developed markets
# Short-term loans
#* High transaction fees but low interest
#* Non-revolving credit card
#* Need money to buy groceries this week, pay back next week or end of month (Payday loan?)
# Programs to help fund big events such as daughter's weddings
# Financial advisory services to high net worth individuals
# Financing for movies
# Simplified COD
# Escrow services
# Loans for individuals with lower credit scores (people who don't appear very credit worthy on paper)
# A clearing house that could collect cash from people's houses or stores for airline/railways transactions - that would be convenient for people without credit cards

== Links ==
# [http://www.usindiafriendship.net/viewpoints1/debroy.htm India's demographic dividend]
# [http://www.uncdf.org/english/microfinance/newsletter/pages/2005_06/news_india.php Microfinance in India]
# [http://www.interpol.int/Public/FinancialCrime/MoneyLaundering/hawala/default.asp Hawala]

== Idea 1 ==
* Jewellers in India give lose guarantees that upon return of the jewellery, value of the metal in jewellery adjusted for workmanship costs are redeemed. This acts as a big incentive for people to invest in jewellery as principal is secure. However, there is no formal guarantee mechanism to ensure the contract.
* This can be an opportunity for banks to step in, whereupon the banks can underwrite the value of the jewellery and assure full value upon jewellery redemption. Banks can extend loans to people to buy jewellery, whereby interest is charged differently for the value of the metal (lower interest rate) and higher for the loan against workmanship.

== Idea 2 ==
* Tailormade credit cards where a customer can choose from 3 preferred vendors, whose card he/she wishes to have.

== Idea 3 ==
* Sodexho like ration card passes delivered to corporates. Corporates in turn will pay the pass provider and in turn hand over such passes to their employees, who can only purchase ration with such passes.

== Idea 4 ==

Innovative personal finance products

2007-01-03T07:28:28Z

121.247.113.223: /* Idea 1 */

== Brief ==
* Identify innovative personal finance products in various countries
* Personal finance products such as loans, credit cards etc. customized and productized in ways to appeal to local markets

== Approach ==
# Trend analysis
#* Demographic trends
#* Market trends
#* Technology trends
#* Regional trends
#* Sociocultural trends
#* Internet and communication trends
# Market analysis
#* Quantifying above trends
#* Estimating size of markets
# Identify needs based on trends
# Survey of existing products
#* Analyze strengths, weaknesses of existing products
#* Identify new products
# New product ideas
#* Invent new products based on trends
# Qualify new product ideas
#* Quantify market size for new ideas
#* Identify implementation strategies for new ideas

== India: Demographic trends ==
* Asia is exploding with money
* China, India etc. have a voracious appetite for credit
* People there are very worried about weddings, especially daughters' weddings can be extremely expensive

=== 300 million strong middle class ===
* The Indian middle class is 300 million people with a purchasing power of US families with $15,000-$35,000 in annual income
* Huge appetite for two-wheelers, telephones and cars
[[Image:PersFin Middle Class.gif|thumb|center|400px|300 million strong middle class]]

=== Demographic dividend ===
* With one of the youngest populations in the world, India is ready to reap the demographic dividend of a large, young workforce over the next several decades.
{|
|-
| [[Image:PersFin India Population Pyramid - 2010.png|thumb|center|250px|India Population Pyramid - 2010]]
| [[Image:PersFin India Population Pyramid - 2020.png|thumb|center|250px|India Population Pyramid - 2020]]
| [[Image:PersFin India Population Pyramid - 2050.png|thumb|center|250px|India Population Pyramid - 2050]]
|}

=== Education ===
* 50% of India's population is below the age of 25 and 2/3rd of the population is below the age of 35
<table align=center>
<tr>
<td>[[Image:PersFin Education 2.gif|thumb|center|200px|Low levels of literacy]]
</td>
<td>[[Image:PersFin Education.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Children in immaculate school uniforms leaving the most basic housing. Buying these uniforms must put immense strain on the family finances, but education is highly valued. The population is growing faster than schools can be built to accommodate them, so the schools work on a shift system.]]</td>
</tr>
</table>

=== Employment ===
* In some areas of knowledge services, salaries in India are [http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2007/jan/01sal.htm coming close to American salaries] in Purchase-Power Parity (PPP) terms

== India: Financial trends ==
=== Overall economy ===
{| class="wikitable" width="80%" style="font-size:90%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | GDP growth in FY 2005-06
| '''8.1%'''
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | GDP growth predicted for FY 2006-07
| '''7.5%'''
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Savings as percentage of GDP
| '''29.1%''' in FY 2004 and '''25.9%''' in FY 2005
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Net income of Sensex 30 companies
| '''36.4%''' in FY 2005-06
|-
|}

* GDP growth is projected at 6% and higher for the coming decades, making India the fastest-growing large economy in the world
[[Image:PersFin GDP Growth.jpg|thumb|center|400px|GDP growth in India]]

=== Foreign Direct Investments ===
* Foreign Direct Investment inflows are rapidly growing in India and have reportedly reached an all-time high of $7 billion last year, doubling from just 6 years ago
[[Image:PersFin FDI India.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Foreign Direct Investments in India]]

=== Credit ===
<table align=center>
<tr>
<td>[[Image:PersFin Spot Finance.jpg|thumb|center|200px|Spot finance]]</td>
<td>[[Image:PersFin Zero Percent Credit.jpg|thumb|center|200px|0% credit]]</td>
</tr>
</table>
* Booming economy with a growing middle class
* Access to credit is relatively new

{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="80%" style="font-size:90%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|-
! style="background:lightblue" |"There is a great investment opportunity opening up in India. We term this investment area as the 'lifestyle segment.'" - [http://in.rediff.com/money/2006/jan/31perfin.htm Nilesh Shah, President, Kotak Mahindra Asset Management Co. Ltd.]
|}
* Demand for consumer goods is growing rapidly

==== Rural credit ====
* [http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNi8wOC8wOCNBcjAxNTAz&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom Lack of access to savings mechanisms and credit is one of the biggest challenges for villagers in India.]
* According to a World Bank study, in Andhra Pradesh, 59% of rural households lack access to deposit accounts and 79% don’t have borrowing facility from the organised financial sector. Bankers too complain that though the rural potential is huge, they don’t have enough knowledge about the rural customer.
* Innovative concepts, such as a [http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNi8wOC8wOCNBcjAxNTAz&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom mobile ATM machine] are being tried out at the moment.
[[Image:PersFin Rural ATM.jpg|thumb|center|400px|[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNi8wOC8wOCNBcjAxNTAz&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom State Bank of India/Microsoft experiment for rural ATM was tested with 20,000 villagers in 5 villages]]]

=== Microfinance ===
[[Image:PersFin Microfinance.jpeg|thumb|right|180px|Microfinance is a major trend in India]]
* 1.4 million microfinance groups in India
* Over 20 million members for microfinance groups
* According to [http://www.uncdf.org/english/microfinance/newsletter/pages/2005_06/news_india.php one estimate], 30 million non-agricultural enterprises and 50 million landless households in India collectively need approximately $30 billion credit annually
* Microfinance is growing in South India, which contrasts with the stagnation in Eastern, Central and North Eastern India
* Downside: Microfinance involves very high transaction costs given the small amounts of money involved for each loan, which necessitates high transaction costs

=== Remittances ===
<table align=center>
<tr>
<td>[[Image:PersFin WesternUnion.jpeg|thumb|center|150px|Reimbursements to India are growing]]</td>
<td>[[Image:PersFin WesternUnion 2.jpeg|thumb|center|400px|[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Trillion-dollar_investment_hope_spurs_govt_into_action/articleshow/889333.cms India receives $23 billion a year in foreign remittances]]]</td>
</tr>
</table>
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Trillion-dollar_investment_hope_spurs_govt_into_action/articleshow/889333.cms India receives $23 billion a year in foreign remittances]

=== Hawala ===
* An illegal system of payment, [http://www.interpol.int/Public/FinancialCrime/MoneyLaundering/hawala/default.asp hawala] remains popular as a way of remitting money
[[Image:PersFin Hawala.gif|center|400px|Hawala transactions]]

=== Payments ===
* Cash-on-delivery (COD) remains one of the preferred methods of payment
[[Image:PersFin Cash-on-delivery.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Cash-on-delivery is a preferred mode of payment]]
* Fraud is a major problem, e.g. loans on homes are based on higher valuations by the appraiser
* There is no credit rating system and the judicial system does not allow companies to easily recover their money from the borrowers
* A high amount of undisclosed income
* Hawala
* Cash-on-delivery (COD)
* Airlines, railways and others are now selling tickets online and it is cheaper than buying through an agent or from the airline. You need a credit card to buy these online.
* Pension funds are still big in India. Not clear if India will go the US route of defined contribution plan (as opposed to defined benefit plan)

== India: Customer service ==
* If you want to open an account of if you want a loan, someone comes to your house from the bank to get the papers to you
* If you want to exchange currency, someone comes to your house for that too

== India: Sociocultural trends ==
* Movies get financing from the underworld and other unsavory sources

=== Dowry ===
* The custom of dowry is well-entrenched in Indian society and puts extreme financial pressure on brides and their families
* [http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/10/22/news/dowry.php An average of one dowry death is reported every 77 minutes according to the National Crime Record Bureau]

== Anecdotes ==
* There was this article about citibank or someone hiring goons to get an executive woman to pay her credit card bill. She defaulted because she was travelling. She created a big stinker.
* A grocery store in India figured out that its cost of capital was much higher than what their customers were earning in a savings account. They came up with a scheme whereby consumers could give them a deposit and they would give them coupons to shop in their store. The effective interest rate that the consumer was getting was higher than what a bank offered them, however the interest rate was however lower than the cost of capital for the grocery store and they got loyal customers.

== Needs ==
# Non-traditional ways of evaluating credit worthiness
# How to give credit to developing markets using different approaches than developed markets
# Short-term loans
#* High transaction fees but low interest
#* Non-revolving credit card
#* Need money to buy groceries this week, pay back next week or end of month (Payday loan?)
# Programs to help fund big events such as daughter's weddings
# Financial advisory services to high net worth individuals
# Financing for movies
# Simplified COD
# Escrow services
# Loans for individuals with lower credit scores (people who don't appear very credit worthy on paper)
# A clearing house that could collect cash from people's houses or stores for airline/railways transactions - that would be convenient for people without credit cards

== Links ==
# [http://www.usindiafriendship.net/viewpoints1/debroy.htm India's demographic dividend]
# [http://www.uncdf.org/english/microfinance/newsletter/pages/2005_06/news_india.php Microfinance in India]
# [http://www.interpol.int/Public/FinancialCrime/MoneyLaundering/hawala/default.asp Hawala]

== Idea 1 ==
* Jewellers in India give lose guarantees that upon return of the jewellery, value of the metal in jewellery adjusted for workmanship costs are redeemed. This acts as a big incentive for people to invest in jewellery as principal is secure. However, there is no formal guarantee mechanism to ensure the contract.
* This can be an opportunity for banks to step in, whereupon the banks can underwrite the value of the jewellery and assure full value upon jewellery redemption. Banks can extend loans to people to buy jewellery, whereby interest is charged differently for the value of the metal (lower interest rate) and higher for the loan against workmanship.

== Idea 2 ==

Innovative personal finance products

2007-01-03T07:27:42Z

121.247.113.223: /* Ideas */

== Brief ==
* Identify innovative personal finance products in various countries
* Personal finance products such as loans, credit cards etc. customized and productized in ways to appeal to local markets

== Approach ==
# Trend analysis
#* Demographic trends
#* Market trends
#* Technology trends
#* Regional trends
#* Sociocultural trends
#* Internet and communication trends
# Market analysis
#* Quantifying above trends
#* Estimating size of markets
# Identify needs based on trends
# Survey of existing products
#* Analyze strengths, weaknesses of existing products
#* Identify new products
# New product ideas
#* Invent new products based on trends
# Qualify new product ideas
#* Quantify market size for new ideas
#* Identify implementation strategies for new ideas

== India: Demographic trends ==
* Asia is exploding with money
* China, India etc. have a voracious appetite for credit
* People there are very worried about weddings, especially daughters' weddings can be extremely expensive

=== 300 million strong middle class ===
* The Indian middle class is 300 million people with a purchasing power of US families with $15,000-$35,000 in annual income
* Huge appetite for two-wheelers, telephones and cars
[[Image:PersFin Middle Class.gif|thumb|center|400px|300 million strong middle class]]

=== Demographic dividend ===
* With one of the youngest populations in the world, India is ready to reap the demographic dividend of a large, young workforce over the next several decades.
{|
|-
| [[Image:PersFin India Population Pyramid - 2010.png|thumb|center|250px|India Population Pyramid - 2010]]
| [[Image:PersFin India Population Pyramid - 2020.png|thumb|center|250px|India Population Pyramid - 2020]]
| [[Image:PersFin India Population Pyramid - 2050.png|thumb|center|250px|India Population Pyramid - 2050]]
|}

=== Education ===
* 50% of India's population is below the age of 25 and 2/3rd of the population is below the age of 35
<table align=center>
<tr>
<td>[[Image:PersFin Education 2.gif|thumb|center|200px|Low levels of literacy]]
</td>
<td>[[Image:PersFin Education.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Children in immaculate school uniforms leaving the most basic housing. Buying these uniforms must put immense strain on the family finances, but education is highly valued. The population is growing faster than schools can be built to accommodate them, so the schools work on a shift system.]]</td>
</tr>
</table>

=== Employment ===
* In some areas of knowledge services, salaries in India are [http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2007/jan/01sal.htm coming close to American salaries] in Purchase-Power Parity (PPP) terms

== India: Financial trends ==
=== Overall economy ===
{| class="wikitable" width="80%" style="font-size:90%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | GDP growth in FY 2005-06
| '''8.1%'''
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | GDP growth predicted for FY 2006-07
| '''7.5%'''
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Savings as percentage of GDP
| '''29.1%''' in FY 2004 and '''25.9%''' in FY 2005
|-
! style="background:lightgrey" | Net income of Sensex 30 companies
| '''36.4%''' in FY 2005-06
|-
|}

* GDP growth is projected at 6% and higher for the coming decades, making India the fastest-growing large economy in the world
[[Image:PersFin GDP Growth.jpg|thumb|center|400px|GDP growth in India]]

=== Foreign Direct Investments ===
* Foreign Direct Investment inflows are rapidly growing in India and have reportedly reached an all-time high of $7 billion last year, doubling from just 6 years ago
[[Image:PersFin FDI India.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Foreign Direct Investments in India]]

=== Credit ===
<table align=center>
<tr>
<td>[[Image:PersFin Spot Finance.jpg|thumb|center|200px|Spot finance]]</td>
<td>[[Image:PersFin Zero Percent Credit.jpg|thumb|center|200px|0% credit]]</td>
</tr>
</table>
* Booming economy with a growing middle class
* Access to credit is relatively new

{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="80%" style="font-size:90%" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|-
! style="background:lightblue" |"There is a great investment opportunity opening up in India. We term this investment area as the 'lifestyle segment.'" - [http://in.rediff.com/money/2006/jan/31perfin.htm Nilesh Shah, President, Kotak Mahindra Asset Management Co. Ltd.]
|}
* Demand for consumer goods is growing rapidly

==== Rural credit ====
* [http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNi8wOC8wOCNBcjAxNTAz&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom Lack of access to savings mechanisms and credit is one of the biggest challenges for villagers in India.]
* According to a World Bank study, in Andhra Pradesh, 59% of rural households lack access to deposit accounts and 79% don’t have borrowing facility from the organised financial sector. Bankers too complain that though the rural potential is huge, they don’t have enough knowledge about the rural customer.
* Innovative concepts, such as a [http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNi8wOC8wOCNBcjAxNTAz&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom mobile ATM machine] are being tried out at the moment.
[[Image:PersFin Rural ATM.jpg|thumb|center|400px|[http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNi8wOC8wOCNBcjAxNTAz&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom State Bank of India/Microsoft experiment for rural ATM was tested with 20,000 villagers in 5 villages]]]

=== Microfinance ===
[[Image:PersFin Microfinance.jpeg|thumb|right|180px|Microfinance is a major trend in India]]
* 1.4 million microfinance groups in India
* Over 20 million members for microfinance groups
* According to [http://www.uncdf.org/english/microfinance/newsletter/pages/2005_06/news_india.php one estimate], 30 million non-agricultural enterprises and 50 million landless households in India collectively need approximately $30 billion credit annually
* Microfinance is growing in South India, which contrasts with the stagnation in Eastern, Central and North Eastern India
* Downside: Microfinance involves very high transaction costs given the small amounts of money involved for each loan, which necessitates high transaction costs

=== Remittances ===
<table align=center>
<tr>
<td>[[Image:PersFin WesternUnion.jpeg|thumb|center|150px|Reimbursements to India are growing]]</td>
<td>[[Image:PersFin WesternUnion 2.jpeg|thumb|center|400px|[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Trillion-dollar_investment_hope_spurs_govt_into_action/articleshow/889333.cms India receives $23 billion a year in foreign remittances]]]</td>
</tr>
</table>
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Trillion-dollar_investment_hope_spurs_govt_into_action/articleshow/889333.cms India receives $23 billion a year in foreign remittances]

=== Hawala ===
* An illegal system of payment, [http://www.interpol.int/Public/FinancialCrime/MoneyLaundering/hawala/default.asp hawala] remains popular as a way of remitting money
[[Image:PersFin Hawala.gif|center|400px|Hawala transactions]]

=== Payments ===
* Cash-on-delivery (COD) remains one of the preferred methods of payment
[[Image:PersFin Cash-on-delivery.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Cash-on-delivery is a preferred mode of payment]]
* Fraud is a major problem, e.g. loans on homes are based on higher valuations by the appraiser
* There is no credit rating system and the judicial system does not allow companies to easily recover their money from the borrowers
* A high amount of undisclosed income
* Hawala
* Cash-on-delivery (COD)
* Airlines, railways and others are now selling tickets online and it is cheaper than buying through an agent or from the airline. You need a credit card to buy these online.
* Pension funds are still big in India. Not clear if India will go the US route of defined contribution plan (as opposed to defined benefit plan)

== India: Customer service ==
* If you want to open an account of if you want a loan, someone comes to your house from the bank to get the papers to you
* If you want to exchange currency, someone comes to your house for that too

== India: Sociocultural trends ==
* Movies get financing from the underworld and other unsavory sources

=== Dowry ===
* The custom of dowry is well-entrenched in Indian society and puts extreme financial pressure on brides and their families
* [http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/10/22/news/dowry.php An average of one dowry death is reported every 77 minutes according to the National Crime Record Bureau]

== Anecdotes ==
* There was this article about citibank or someone hiring goons to get an executive woman to pay her credit card bill. She defaulted because she was travelling. She created a big stinker.
* A grocery store in India figured out that its cost of capital was much higher than what their customers were earning in a savings account. They came up with a scheme whereby consumers could give them a deposit and they would give them coupons to shop in their store. The effective interest rate that the consumer was getting was higher than what a bank offered them, however the interest rate was however lower than the cost of capital for the grocery store and they got loyal customers.

== Needs ==
# Non-traditional ways of evaluating credit worthiness
# How to give credit to developing markets using different approaches than developed markets
# Short-term loans
#* High transaction fees but low interest
#* Non-revolving credit card
#* Need money to buy groceries this week, pay back next week or end of month (Payday loan?)
# Programs to help fund big events such as daughter's weddings
# Financial advisory services to high net worth individuals
# Financing for movies
# Simplified COD
# Escrow services
# Loans for individuals with lower credit scores (people who don't appear very credit worthy on paper)
# A clearing house that could collect cash from people's houses or stores for airline/railways transactions - that would be convenient for people without credit cards

== Links ==
# [http://www.usindiafriendship.net/viewpoints1/debroy.htm India's demographic dividend]
# [http://www.uncdf.org/english/microfinance/newsletter/pages/2005_06/news_india.php Microfinance in India]
# [http://www.interpol.int/Public/FinancialCrime/MoneyLaundering/hawala/default.asp Hawala]

== Idea 1 ==
* Jewellers in India give lose guarantees that upon return of the jewellery, value of the metal in jewellery adjusted for workmanship costs are redeemed. This acts as a big incentive for people to invest in jewellery as principal is secure. However, there is no formal guarantee mechanism.
* This can be an opportunity for banks to step in, whereupon the banks can underwrite the value of the jewellery and assure full value upon jewellery redemption. Banks can extend loans to people to buy jewellery, whereby interest is charged differently for the value of the metal (lower interest rate) and higher for the loan against workmanship.

== Idea 2 ==

Innovative personal finance products

2007-01-03T07:23:28Z

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