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* '''[[Media:Doublyfed_induction_generators1.xls| Sample analysis on Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Non Patent Literature]]''' | * '''[[Media:Doublyfed_induction_generators1.xls| Sample analysis on Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Non Patent Literature]]''' | ||
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Revision as of 02:51, 24 February 2011
Contents
Introduction
- Humans have been using wind power for at least 5000 BC to propel sailboats and sailing ships, and architects have used wind-driven natural ventilation in buildings since similarly ancient times. The use of wind to provide mechanical power came later.
- Harnessing renewable alternative energy is the ideal way to tackle the energy crisis, with due consideration given to environmental pollution, that looms large over the world.
- Renewable energy is also called "clean energy" or "green power" because it doesn’t pollute the air or the water. Wind energy is one such renewable energy source that harnesses natural wind power.
Brief History of Wind Energy
Although the use of wind power started around 5000 BC, but electric power generation through wind energy started in 18th century and increasing drastically in 19th and 20th centuries. A brief view on developments on wind power sector are listed below.
- 1887 : Prof. James Blyth of Scotland used windmills for generating electricity.
- 1888 : Charles Brush developed the first wind-powered turbine that generated electricity in the United States based on emulated James Blyth work.
- 1927 : Joe Jacobs and Marcellus Jacobs improved the wind turbine generator for use in farms.
- 1931 : development of Darrieus wind turbine. It is a vertical axis turbine that rotates with wind from any direction.
- 1941: Largest mega watt range wind turbine was connected to the local electrical distribution system on the mountain known as Grandpa's Knob in Castleton, Vermont, USA.
- 1971: Denmark installed the first offshore wind farms
- 1990s: More than 2200 MW capacity of wind turbines are installed in california.
- 2003: the largest offshore wind farm North Hoyle was built in the United Kingdom.
- 2003-2010: Research is going is on wind turbines in blades structures, generators, operation and protection, efficiency of wind turbines.
Source: Wind Energy
The total installed wind power capacity from 2001 to 2010 is shown in fig. 1. All wind turbines installed by the end of year 2009 worldwide are generating 340 TWh per annum.
The country wise share of wind energy by the end of year 2009 is shown in fig. 2.
Source:World Wind Energy Report 2009
Working Principle of Wind Turbine
Wind is air in motion. It is a form of solar energy. Solar radiation heats every part of the Earth’s surface unevenly due to irregularities and rotation of earth. The flow of wind patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover. When air moves, causing wind, it has kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of wind can be captured by a wind turbine and converted to other forms of energy such as electricity or mechanical power.
Sources:Wind Energy Basics,How Wind Turbines Work
Horizontal Axis and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
Wind turbines are mainly classified into two types based on the axis in which turbine rotates. They are Horizontal axis wind turbine and vertical axis wind turbine.
| Horizontal axis wind turbines | Vertical axis wind turbines |
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Source:Different types of wind turbines
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
Onshore and Offshore Wind Turbines
| Onshore wind turbines | Offshore wind turbines |
Advantages
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These are two types, namely Near shore and Off shore.
Advantages:
so, large turbines can be installed
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Disadvantages
Sources:Wind Power,Types of Wind Farms |
Disadvantages:
Source:Offshore Technology |
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Parts of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
The basic parts of a horizontal axis wind turbine(HAWT) is foundation, tower, nacelle, Generator, Rotor Blades.
Foundation: A very good foundation is required to support the tower and various parts of a wind turbine which weighs in tonnes.
Tower
A tower that supports the nacelle and rotor hub at its top. These are made from tubular steel, concrete, or steel lattice. Height of the tower is an important in design of HWAT. Because wind speed increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture more energy and generate more electricity. Generally output power of the wind system increase with increase in height and also reduces the turbulance in wind. The theoritical view of tower height versus power out is shown in figure 7 . click on the link to get more about towers Wind Turbine Towers
Source:The Fundamentals of Wind Energy
| Different types of wind turbine towers | Structure |
| Tubular Tower: They are constructed from rolled steel plates welded together with flanges top and bottom, being sprayed with several coats of gray weatherproof paint at the construction yard. They have doors top and bottom allowing entrance to the vertical ladders inside used to access the power cables and the yaw mechanism. There are also a set of vertical ladders on the outside of the tower accessing the nacelle for maintenance and other checks. |  |
| Lattice tower: A Lattice tower can be constructed with perfectly shapped steel rods that are put together to form a lattice. These towers are very strong and inexpensive to manufacture and easy to transport and erect. |  |
| Guyed wind tower: These are very strong and most economical when properly installed. But it requires more space around the tower for guy wires |  |
| Tilt up wind towers:These type of towers are used for consumer wind energy. These turbines have locking system, while working the turbine is locked. It can easily ulocked and lowered to ground to perform repairs. |  |
| Free standing tower:These can be used for small wind turbines with cautions. |  |
Sources:Winder Tower,Wind Towers
Blades
Wind turbine blades are used to extract the kinetic energy of wind and convert to mechanical energy. These blades are made up of fiber glass-reinforced polyester or wood-epoxy. Wind turbines have one or two or three or multiple blades based up on the construction. Most of the HAWT have three blades. These are connected to rotor hub. Multiple blade concept is used in earlier days for pumping water and grinding etc.
| Single blade HAWT | Two blade HAWT | Three blade HAWT |
It reduces the cost and weight of the turbine. These are rarely used due to tower shadow effects, needs counter weights on the other side of the blade, less stability.
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It requires more complex design due to sustain of wind shocks. It is also less stable. It saves the cost and weight of one rotor blade.
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Modern wind trubines uses three blade concept. Because this structure have hight strength to withstand heavy wind stroms. Less effect due to towe shadow. Produces high output
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Sources:Wind Turbine Blades,Wind Turbine Design Styles
Nacelle
A housing which contains all the components which is essential to operate the turbine efficiently is called a nacelle. It is fitted at the top of a tower and includes the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator, controller, and brakes. A wind speed anemometer and a wind vane are mounted on the nacelle.
Hub A rotor hub is provided for coupling a wind turbine rotor blade and a shaft. The hub assembly consists of hub, bolts, blade bearings, pitch system and internals . Rotor hubs are made with welded sheet steel, cast iron, fored steel. The types of rotor hubs are
- Hingeless hub
- Teetering hub
Drive shaft
Drive shafts are a hollow or solid steel hardened shaft under very high stresses and considerable torque. Drive shafts are used to transfer rotational mechanical energy from blade hub to the generator to produce electricity. A wind turbine normally consists two shafts .
Main shaft: It is connected between blade hub and input to the gear box. It rotates at low speeds. So It is also called as 'low speed shaft'.
Generator shaft: It connects the gear box output to the generator input. It rotates at very high speed equals to the rating of the generator. It is also called 'high speed shaft'.
Gear box Gear box used in wind energy systems to change low speed high toque power coming from a rotor blade to high speed low torque power which is used for generator. It is connected in between main shaft and generator shaft to increase rotational speeds from about 30 to 60 rotations per minute (rpm) to about 1000 to 1800 rpm. Gearboxes used for wind turbine are made from superior quality aluminum alloys, stainless steel, cast iron etc.
The various gear boxes used in wind turbines are
- Planetary Gearbox
- Helical Gearbox
- Worm Gearbox
Generator
The output rotational mechanical energy of the gear box is connected to the generator through generator shaft. It works on the principle of 'Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction". It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Sources:Wind Power Turbines, Rotor Hub Assembly,Gearbox for Wind Turbines, A Wind Turbine,The Wind Turbine Yaw Mechanism
Anemometers
Wind speed is the most important factor for determing the power content in the wind. The power content in the wind is directly proportional to cube of the wind velocity. Measuring wind speed is important for site selection. The device which is used for measuring wind speed is called anemometer. These are usally located on top of the nacelle.
Source:Anemometer
Types of anemometers The various types of anemometers are used in measuring wind speed is shown in flow chart below.
Source: Wind Power Energy
Wind vane Wind vanes are used to measure the wind directions and communicates with the yaw system to orient the turbine properly with respective to wind directions, to extract maximum amount of power from wind. Wind turbines are oriented to upstream wind or down stream wind.
Source:A Wind Turbine
Yaw Mechanism
yaw mechanism turns the rotor into the upwind direction as the wind direction changes. Electric motors and gear boxes are used to keep the turbine yawed against wind. This can be also used as controlling mechanism during high wind speeds.
Source:The Wind Turbine Yaw Mechanism
Electrical Generating Systems
The various types of electrical generators are used in wind energy systems are shown in figure.
Source:Wind Turbine Generators
The most commonly used generator systems applied in wind turbines are are explained below.
| Fixed speed generating systems | Variable speed generating systems | Doubly fed induction generator | |
| Structure |  |
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| Machines | SQIG | PMSG/WRSG/WRIG | DFIG |
| Advantages | * Simple and low cost
* Low maintanace |
* Complete control of real and reactive powers
* High energy efficiency |
* Reduced capacity converter
* Decoupled control of active and reactive power flow * Smooth grid connection |
| Drawbacks | * No control on real and reactive power
* Less optimum power extraction capability * Poor power factor * High mechanical stress on turbine mechanical components |
* Additional cost of power electronics
* Limited fault ride through capability |
* Regular maintenance of slip ring and gearbox
* Limited fault ride-through capability |
Source:Inside wind turbines
Wind Turbine Control Systems
As the wind turbines increases in size and power, control systems plays a major role to operate wind turbines in safe region and also to improve efficiency and quality of power conversion. The main objectives of wind turbine control systems is
- Energy capture : Operating the wind turbine to extract maximum amount of energy considering safe restrictions like rated power, rated speed, cut-out wind speed etc.,
- Mechanical loads: protecting the systems from transient loads.
- Power quality: Conditioning the generated power with grid interconnection standards.
The various control techniques used in wind turbines are shown in table below
| Control System | Pitch contol | Yaw control | Stall control | Generator torque control |
| Description | A method of controlling the speed of a wind turbine by varying the orientation, or pitch, of the blades, and thereby altering its aerodynamics and efficiency.
 Source:Blade Pitch Control |
The rotation of horizontal axis wind turbine around its tower to orient the turbine in upwind or down wind direction.
 Source:Wind Turbine Control Methods |
Stall control works by increasing the angle at which the relative wind strikes the blades (angle of attack). As the wind speed increases drag force on the blade increase and lift force gets reduces, thus finally reduces the speed of turbine.A fully stalled turbine blade, when stopped, has the flat side of the blade facing directly into the wind. Compare with furling.
Source:Stall-control basics |
As the aerodynamic torque control changes, rotor speed changes. it changes the output power frequency. A frequency converter is connected in between generator and the network to maintain generator power constant.
SourceWind Energy Control |
Taxonomy for Wind Turbines
Major IPC classes
A majority of patents describing wind turbines or wind energy are classified in the following IPC classifications.
| S.NO | IPC Classification | Description |
| 1 | F03D | WIND MOTORS |
| 2 | F16C | SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OF CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS |
| 3 | F16H | GEARING |
| 4 | F03B | MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS |
| 5 | H02K | DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES |
| 6 | H02P | CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, GENERATORS, OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS |
| 7 | H02M | APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION |
| 8 | H02J | CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY |
| 9 | G06F | ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING |
| 10 | G05F | SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES |
| 11 | H02H | EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS |
Major Players
Major players in the Wind Energy sector include: General Electric, Vestas Wind Systems, Siemens AG, Mitsubishi Ltd, REPower Systems AG, Gamesa Innovation & Technology, Enercon, Nordex, Suzlon and Sinovel Wind Group Co. Ltd.
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Doubly-fed Induction Generator
The present study on the IP activity in the area of horizontal axis wind turbines with focus on Doubly-fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is based on a search conducted on Thomson Innovation.
Control patents
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Brushless doubly-fed induction machines employing dual cage rotors |
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Doubly fed induction machine |
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Control system for doubly fed induction generator |
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Power converter for doubly-fed power generator system |
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Variable speed wind turbine with doubly-fed induction generator compensated for varying rotor speed |
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Doubly-controlled asynchronous generator |
Thomson Innovation Search
A search is carried out using a combination of keywords and classifications in Thomson Innovation. The Classifications identified relevant to the scope of the search are:
IPC/ ECLA Classes
| IPC/ ECLA Class | Definition |
| F03D9/00 | Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby (aspects predominantly concerning driven apparatus) |
| F03D9/00C | Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby (aspects predominantly concerning driven apparatus)/ the apparatus being an electrical generator |
| H02J3/38 | Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks/ Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers |
| H02K17/42 | DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES/ Asynchronous induction motors; Asynchronous induction generators/ Asynchronous induction generators |
| H02P9/00 | CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, GENERATORS, OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS / Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output |
US Classes
| US Class | Definition |
| 290/044 | PRIME-MOVER DYNAMO PLANTS/ ELECTRIC CONTROL/ Fluid-current motors / Wind |
| 290/055 | PRIME-MOVER DYNAMO PLANTS/ FLUID-CURRENT MOTORS/ Wind |
| 318/727 | ELECTRICITY: MOTIVE POWER SYSTEMS/ INDUCTION MOTOR SYSTEMS |
| 322/047 | ELECTRICITY: SINGLE GENERATOR SYSTEMS/ GENERATOR CONTROL/ Induction generator |
Concept Table
| S.No | Concept1 | Concept1 | Concept1 |
| 1 | Doubly fed | Induction | Generator |
| 2 | Double output | Asynchronous | Machines |
| 3 | Dual fed | Systems | |
| 4 | Dual feed | ||
| 5 | Dual output |
Search Strategy
The databases covered in the search include: US Grant, GB App, US App, FR App, WO App, DE Util, EP Grant, DE Grant, EP App, DE App, JP Util, JP Grant, JP App, CN Util, CN App, KR Util , KR Grant, KR App, Other, DWPI
| S.No | No. of Hits | Remarks | Search String |
| 1 | 795 hits | Doubly fed induction generator keywords | CTB=(((((Doubl*3 or dual*3 or two) adj3 (power*2 or output*4 or control*4 or fed or feed*3)) near5 (induction or asynchronous)) near5 (generat*3 or machine*1 or dynamo*1)) OR DFIG); |
| 2 | 93 hits | Induction motor classes AND Doubly fed generator keywords | (UC=(318/727 OR 322/047) OR AIOE=(H02K001742)) AND ALL=(((((Doubl*3 or dual*3 or two) adj3 (power*2 or output*1 or control*4 or fed or feed*3)) near5 (generat*3 or machine*1 or dynamo*1))) OR DFIG); |
| 3 | 675 hits | Broad classes of generators AND Doubly fed induction generator keywords | (UC=(290/044 OR 290/055) OR AIOE=(F03D000900C OR H02J000338 OR F03D0009* OR H02P0009*)) AND ALL=(((((Doubl*2 or dual*3 or two) adj3 (power*2 or output*1 or control*3 or fed or feed*3)) near5 (induction or asynchronous)) near5 (generat*3 or machine*1 or dynamo*1)) or DFIG); |
| 4 | 240 hits | French keywords | CTB=((((Doubl*3 or dual*3or ADJ two or deux) near4 (nourris or feed*3 or puissance or sortie*1 or contrôle*1)) near4 (induction or asynchrone*1) near4 (générateur*1 or generator*1 or machine*1 or dynamo*1)) or DFIG); |
| 5 | 282 hits | German keywords | CTB=(((((doppel*1 or dual or two or zwei) adj3 (Ausgang or Ausgänge or Kontroll* or control*4 or gesteuert or Macht or feed*1 or gefüttert or gespeiste*1)) or (doppeltgefüttert or DOPPELTGESPEISTE*1)) near4 (((Induktion or asynchronen) near4 (generator*2 or Maschine*1 or dynamo*1)) or (INDUKTION?MASCHINEN or INDUKTION?generatoren or Asynchronmaschine or Asynchrongenerator))) or DFIG); |
| 6 | 920 hits | ALL=(((((((Doubl*3 or dual*3) adj3 (power*2 or output*4 or control*4 or fed or feed*3))) near5 (generat*3 or machine*1 or dynamo*1))) same wind) or (DFIG same wind)) AND DP>=(18360101); | |
| 7 | 1434 hits (702 INPADOC Families) | Combined Query | 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 |
Taxonomy
Sample Analysis
A sample of 139 patents from the search are analysed based on the taxonomy.
Provided a link below for sample spread sheet analysis for doubly-fed induction generators.
Article Anlysis
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Application of Matrix Converter for Variable Speed Wind Turbine Driving an Doubly Fed Induction Generator | |
Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, 2006. SPEEDAM 2006. | A matrix converter is replaced with back to back converter in a variable speed wind turbine using doubly fed induction generator. Stable operation is achieved by stator flux oriented control techinque and the sytem opertaed in both sub and super synchronous modes, achieved good results. |
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A Torque Tracking Control algorithm for Doubly–fed Induction Generator | |
Journal of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING | Proposed a torque tracking control algorithm for Doubly fed induction generator using PI controllers. It is achieved by controlling the rotor currents and using a stator voltage vector reference frame. |
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Fault Ride Through Capability Improvement Of Wind Farms Using Doubly Fed Induciton Generator | |
Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2008. UPEC 2008. 43rd International | An active diode bridge crowbar switch presented to improve fault ride through capability of DIFG. Showed different parameters related to crowbar such a crowbar resistance, power loss, temparature and time delay for deactivation during fault. |
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Optimal Power Control Strategy of Maximizing Wind Energy Tracking and Conversion for VSCF Doubly Fed Induction Generator System | |
Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2006. IPEMC 2006. CES/IEEE 5th International | Proposed a new optimal control strategy of maximum wind power extraction stratagies and testified by simulation. The control algorithm also used to minimize the losses in the generator. The dual passage excitation control strategy is applied to decouple the active and reactive powers. With this control system, the simulation results shows the good robustness and high generator efficiency is achieved. |
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Study on the Control of DFIG andIts Responses to Grid Disturbances | |
Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2006. IEEE | Presented dynamic model of the DFIG, including mechanical model, generator model, and PWM voltage source coverters. Vector control strategies adapted for both the RSC and GSC to control speed and reactive power independently. controlling desigining methods, such as pole-placement method and the internal model control are used. Matlab/Simulink is used for simulation. |
Click on the link below to view detailed analysis sheet for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Non Patent Literature
IP Trend Analysis
Patenting activity has seen high growth rate in the last two years.
Vestas Wind Systems and General Electric are the major players in this technology field.
Dashboard
Dashboard Link
Dashboard for doubly fed induction generator
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Market Research
Major Players
Vestas Wind Systems, General Electric and Gamesa Innovation & Technology are the top players in terms of installed power capacity in the year 2007.
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Source:Wind power companies
Market Overview
- The world's wind industry defied the economic downturn in 2008 and by he end of the year 2009, the sector saw its annual market grow by 41.5% over 2008, and total global wind power capacity increased by 31.7% to 158GW in 2009
- US, China and Germany together hold more than 50% of the global wind power capacity
- Asia and North America have seen tremendous growth in the installed wind power capacity over the last 6 years
- Asia was the world's largest regional market for wind energy with capacity additions amounting to 15.4GW. China was the world's largest market in 2009, more than doubling its capacity from 12.1GW in 2008 to 25.8GW, adding a staggering 13.8GW of capacity
- China and the US account for more than 60% of the new installed capacity of 38.3GW in 2009. India's total installed capacity increased to 10.9GW with 1.3GW of new installed capacity in 2009
- The 2009 market for turbine installations was worth about 45 bn € or 63 bn US$ and about half a million people are now employed by the wind industry around the world
Market Forecast
- Global wind power capacity could reach 2,300 GW by 2030, providing up to 22% of the world's electricity needs, from the existing 2.2% in 2010.
- Global wind capacity will stand at 409GW up from 158GW at the end of 2008. During 2014, 62.5 GW of new capacity will be added to the global total, compared to 38.3 GW in 2009
- The annual growth rates during this period will average 20.9% in terms of total installed capacity, and 10.3% for annual market growth
- Three regions will continue to drive the expansion of wind energy capacity: Asia, North America and Europe
- Asia will remain the fastest growing market in the world, driven primarily by China, which is set to continue the rapid upscaling of its wind capacity and hold its position as the world’s largest annual market. Annual additions are expected to be well over 20 GW in China by 2014
- Sustained growth is also expected in India, which will increase its capacity steadily by 2 GW every year, and be
complemented by growth in other Asian markets, including Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and the Philippines, and potentially some others
- By 2014, the annual market will reach 14.5 GW, and a total of 60 GW will be installed in Europe over this five year period
Source:GWEC's Global Wind Report 2009
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