Wind Energy

Introduction

• Humans have been using wind power for at least 5000 BC to propel sailboats and sailing ships, and architects have used wind-driven natural ventilation in buildings since similarly ancient times. The use of wind to provide mechanical power came later.
• Harnessing renewable alternative energy is the ideal way to tackle the energy crisis, with due consideration given to environmental pollution, that looms large over the world.

• Renewable energy is also called "clean energy" or "green power" because it doesn’t pollute the air or the water. Wind energy is one such renewable energy source that harnesses natural wind power.

Brief History of Wind Energy

Although the use of wind power started around 5000 BC, but electric power generation through wind energy started in 18th century and increasing drastically in 19th and 20th centuries. A brief view on developments on wind power sector are listed below.

Fig 1 Development of wind power worldwide

• 1887  : Prof. James Blyth of Scotland used windmills for generating electricity.
• 1888  : Charles Brush developed the first wind-powered turbine that generated electricity in the United States based on emulated James Blyth work.
• 1927  : Joe Jacobs and Marcellus Jacobs improved the wind turbine generator for use in farms.
• 1931 : development of Darrieus wind turbine. It is a vertical axis turbine that rotates with wind from any direction.
• 1941: Largest mega watt range wind turbine was connected to the local electrical distribution system on the mountain known as Grandpa's Knob in Castleton, Vermont, USA.
• 1971: Denmark installed the first offshore wind farms
• 1990s: More than 2200 MW capacity of wind turbines are installed in california.
• 2003: the largest offshore wind farm North Hoyle was built in the United Kingdom.
• 2003-2010: Research is going is on wind turbines in blades structures, generators, operation and protection, efficiency of wind turbines.

Source: Wind Energy
The total installed wind power capacity from 2001 to 2010 is shown in fig. 1. All wind turbines installed by the end of year 2009 worldwide are generating 340 TWh per annum. The country wise share of wind energy by the end of year 2009 is shown in fig. 2.

Fig 2 Country share of total capacity

Source:World Wind Energy Report 2009

Working Principle of Wind Turbine

Wind is air in motion. It is a form of solar energy. Solar radiation heats every part of the Earth’s surface unevenly due to irregularities and rotation of earth. The flow of wind patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover. When air moves, causing wind, it has kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of wind can be captured by a wind turbine and converted to other forms of energy such as electricity or mechanical power.

Fig 3 Wind turbine principle

Sources:Wind Energy Basics,How Wind Turbines Work

Horizontal Axis and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

Wind turbines are mainly classified into two types based on the axis in which turbine rotates. They are Horizontal axis wind turbine and vertical axis wind turbine.

Horizontal axis wind turbines	Vertical axis wind turbines
It is mounted on top of a tower ,requires huge towers leads to complex in operation, maintanace and high intial costs. It operates only with upstream or down stream wind directions. It can be constructed in offshores. It produces large amount of electricity with high efficiency. Fig 4(a) Horizontal axis wind turbine	These are easy to build and maintain, safer, easier to transport and they can be mounted close to the ground. These can handle much turblence in wind than horizontal wind turbines. Mostly it can be constructed with two blades It operates with any direction of wind Production of electricity is less due to low wind speeds near to ground Fig 4(b)Vertical axis wind turbine

Source:Different types of wind turbines

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines

Onshore and Offshore Wind Turbines

Onshore wind turbines	Offshore wind turbines
Advantages It requires cheaper foundations Easily intergrated with the electrical- grid network cheaper Installation and access during the construction phase. It can be operated and maintained easily and cheaply Source:Onshore Vs Offshore Wind Turbines	These are two types, namely Near shore and Off shore. Advantages: The roughness of the water surface is very low Wind and obstacles to the wind are less. so, large turbines can be installed Noise pollution is also not a factor because these are too far from shores Less affected to turbulance in wind and low wind shear
Disadvantages Neagtive visual impact or noise. Limted avaliability of lands Restrictions asscociated with obstructions like buildings, mountains, etc. Noise pollution Afftected to more turbulance Sources:Wind Power,Types of Wind Farms	Disadvantages: Installing offshore windturbines is much more complex and costly Connection to the utility grid is also much more complex and expensive Operation and maintanances is also a complex task with off shore wind turbines Source:Offshore Technology
Fig 5(a) Onshore Wind turbines	Fig5(b) Offshore wind turbines

Parts of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

The basic parts of a horizontal axis wind turbine(HAWT) is foundation, tower, nacelle, Generator, Rotor Blades.

Fig 6 Wind turbine parts

Foundation: A very good foundation is required to support the tower and various parts of a wind turbine which weighs in tonnes.

Tower

A tower that supports the nacelle and rotor hub at its top. These are made from tubular steel, concrete, or steel lattice. Height of the tower is an important in design of HWAT. Because wind speed increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture more energy and generate more electricity. Generally output power of the wind system increase with increase in height and also reduces the turbulance in wind. The theoritical view of tower height versus power out is shown in figure 7 . click on the link to get more about towers Wind Turbine Towers

Fig 7 Tower height Vs Power output

Source:The Fundamentals of Wind Energy

Different types of wind turbine towers	Structure
Tubular Tower: They are constructed from rolled steel plates welded together with flanges top and bottom, being sprayed with several coats of gray weatherproof paint at the construction yard. They have doors top and bottom allowing entrance to the vertical ladders inside used to access the power cables and the yaw mechanism. There are also a set of vertical ladders on the outside of the tower accessing the nacelle for maintenance and other checks.	Fig 8(a) Tubular tower
Lattice tower: A Lattice tower can be constructed with perfectly shapped steel rods that are put together to form a lattice. These towers are very strong and inexpensive to manufacture and easy to transport and erect.	Fig 8(b) Lattice tower
Guyed wind tower: These are very strong and most economical when properly installed. But it requires more space around the tower for guy wires	Fig 8(c) Guy tower
Tilt up wind towers:These type of towers are used for consumer wind energy. These turbines have locking system, while working the turbine is locked. It can easily ulocked and lowered to ground to perform repairs.	Fig 8(d) Tiltup tower
Free standing tower:These can be used for small wind turbines with cautions.	Fig 8(e) Free stand tower

Sources:Winder Tower,Wind Towers

Blades

Wind turbine blades are used to extract the kinetic energy of wind and convert to mechanical energy. These blades are made up of fiber glass-reinforced polyester or wood-epoxy. Wind turbines have one or two or three or multiple blades based up on the construction. Most of the HAWT have three blades. These are connected to rotor hub. Multiple blade concept is used in earlier days for pumping water and grinding etc.

Single blade HAWT	Two blade HAWT	Three blade HAWT
It reduces the cost and weight of the turbine. These are rarely used due to tower shadow effects, needs counter weights on the other side of the blade, less stability. Fig 9(a) Single blade turbine	It requires more complex design due to sustain of wind shocks. It is also less stable. It saves the cost and weight of one rotor blade. Fig 9(b) Two blade turbine	Modern wind trubines uses three blade concept. Because this structure have hight strength to withstand heavy wind stroms. Less effect due to towe shadow. Produces high output Fig 9(c) Three blade turbine

Sources:Wind Turbine Blades,Wind Turbine Design Styles

Nacelle

A housing which contains all the components which is essential to operate the turbine efficiently is called a nacelle. It is fitted at the top of a tower and includes the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator, controller, and brakes. A wind speed anemometer and a wind vane are mounted on the nacelle.

Fig 10 Internal nacelle structure

Hub A rotor hub is provided for coupling a wind turbine rotor blade and a shaft. The hub assembly consists of hub, bolts, blade bearings, pitch system and internals . Rotor hubs are made with welded sheet steel, cast iron, fored steel. The types of rotor hubs are

• Hingeless hub
• Teetering hub

Fig 11 Rotor hub

Drive shaft Drive shafts are a hollow or solid steel hardened shaft under very high stresses and considerable torque. Drive shafts are used to transfer rotational mechanical energy from blade hub to the generator to produce electricity. A wind turbine normally consists two shafts .

Main shaft: It is connected between blade hub and input to the gear box. It rotates at low speeds. So It is also called as 'low speed shaft'.

Generator shaft: It connects the gear box output to the generator input. It rotates at very high speed equals to the rating of the generator. It is also called 'high speed shaft'.

Fig 12 Shaft system

Gear box Gear box used in wind energy systems to change low speed high toque power coming from a rotor blade to high speed low torque power which is used for generator. It is connected in between main shaft and generator shaft to increase rotational speeds from about 30 to 60 rotations per minute (rpm) to about 1000 to 1800 rpm. Gearboxes used for wind turbine are made from superior quality aluminum alloys, stainless steel, cast iron etc.

The various gear boxes used in wind turbines are

1. Planetary Gearbox
2. Helical Gearbox
3. Worm Gearbox

Fig13 Gear box

Generator

The output rotational mechanical energy of the gear box is connected to the generator through generator shaft. It works on the principle of 'Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction". It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Sources:Wind Power Turbines, Rotor Hub Assembly,Gearbox for Wind Turbines, A Wind Turbine,The Wind Turbine Yaw Mechanism

Anemometers

Wind speed is the most important factor for determing the power content in the wind. The power content in the wind is directly proportional to cube of the wind velocity. Measuring wind speed is important for site selection. The device which is used for measuring wind speed is called anemometer. These are usally located on top of the nacelle.

Fig 14 Anemometer & Wind vane

Source:Anemometer

Types of anemometers The various types of anemometers are used in measuring wind speed is shown in flow chart below.

Source: Wind Power Energy

Wind vane Wind vanes are used to measure the wind directions and communicates with the yaw system to orient the turbine properly with respective to wind directions, to extract maximum amount of power from wind. Wind turbines are oriented to upstream wind or down stream wind.

Source:A Wind Turbine

Yaw Mechanism

yaw mechanism turns the rotor into the upwind direction as the wind direction changes. Electric motors and gear boxes are used to keep the turbine yawed against wind. This can be also used as controlling mechanism during high wind speeds.

Fig 15 Yaw structure

Source:The Wind Turbine Yaw Mechanism

Electrical Generating Systems

The various types of electrical generators are used in wind energy systems are shown in figure.

Source:Wind Turbine Generators

The most commonly used generator systems applied in wind turbines are are explained below.

	Fixed speed generating systems	Variable speed generating systems	Doubly fed induction generator
Structure
Machines	SQIG	PMSG/WRSG/WRIG	DFIG
Advantages	* Simple and low cost * Low maintanace	* Complete control of real and reactive powers * High energy efficiency	* Reduced capacity converter * Decoupled control of active and reactive power flow * Smooth grid connection
Drawbacks	* No control on real and reactive power * Less optimum power extraction capability * Poor power factor * High mechanical stress on turbine mechanical components	* Additional cost of power electronics * Limited fault ride through capability	* Regular maintenance of slip ring and gearbox * Limited fault ride-through capability

Source:Inside wind turbines

Wind Turbine Control Systems

As the wind turbines increases in size and power, control systems plays a major role to operate wind turbines in safe region and also to improve efficiency and quality of power conversion. The main objectives of wind turbine control systems is

• Energy capture : Operating the wind turbine to extract maximum amount of energy considering safe restrictions like rated power, rated speed, cut-out wind speed etc.,
• Mechanical loads: protecting the systems from transient loads.
• Power quality: Conditioning the generated power with grid interconnection standards.

The various control techniques used in wind turbines are shown in table below

Control System	Pitch contol	Yaw control	Stall control	Generator torque control
Description	A method of controlling the speed of a wind turbine by varying the orientation, or pitch, of the blades, and thereby altering its aerodynamics and efficiency. Fig 16(a) Pitch control Source:Blade Pitch Control	The rotation of horizontal axis wind turbine around its tower to orient the turbine in upwind or down wind direction. Fig 16(b) Yaw control Source:Wind Turbine Control Methods	Stall control works by increasing the angle at which the relative wind strikes the blades (angle of attack). As the wind speed increases drag force on the blade increase and lift force gets reduces, thus finally reduces the speed of turbine.A fully stalled turbine blade, when stopped, has the flat side of the blade facing directly into the wind. Compare with furling. Source:Stall-control basics	As the aerodynamic torque control changes, rotor speed changes. it changes the output power frequency. A frequency converter is connected in between generator and the network to maintain generator power constant. SourceWind Energy Control

Taxonomy for Wind Turbines

Major IPC classes

A majority of patents describing wind turbines or wind energy are classified in the following IPC classifications.

S.NO	IPC Classification	Description
1	F03D	WIND MOTORS
2	F16C	SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OF CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
3	F16H	GEARING
4	F03B	MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
5	H02K	DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
6	H02P	CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, GENERATORS, OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
7	H02M	APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION
8	H02J	CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
9	G06F	ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
10	G05F	SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
11	H02H	EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS

Major Players

Major players in the Wind Energy sector include: General Electric, Vestas Wind Systems, Siemens AG, Mitsubishi Ltd, REPower Systems AG, Gamesa Innovation & Technology, Enercon, Nordex, Suzlon and Sinovel Wind Group Co. Ltd.

Doubly-fed Induction Generator

The present study on the IP activity in the area of horizontal axis wind turbines with focus on Doubly-fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is based on a search conducted on Thomson Innovation.

Thomson Innovation Search

A search is carried out using a combination of keywords and classifications in Thomson Innovation. The Classifications identified relevant to the scope of the search are:

IPC/ ECLA Classes

IPC/ ECLA Class	Definition
F03D9/00	Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby (aspects predominantly concerning driven apparatus)
F03D9/00C	Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby (aspects predominantly concerning driven apparatus)/ the apparatus being an electrical generator
H02J3/38	Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks/ Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
H02K17/42	DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES/ Asynchronous induction motors; Asynchronous induction generators/ Asynchronous induction generators
H02P9/00	CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, GENERATORS, OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS / Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output

US Classes

US Class	Definition
290/044	PRIME-MOVER DYNAMO PLANTS/ ELECTRIC CONTROL/ Fluid-current motors / Wind
290/055	PRIME-MOVER DYNAMO PLANTS/ FLUID-CURRENT MOTORS/ Wind
318/727	ELECTRICITY: MOTIVE POWER SYSTEMS/ INDUCTION MOTOR SYSTEMS
322/047	ELECTRICITY: SINGLE GENERATOR SYSTEMS/ GENERATOR CONTROL/ Induction generator

The databases covered in the search include: US Grant, GB App, US App, FR App, WO App, DE Util, EP Grant, DE Grant, EP App, DE App, JP Util, JP Grant, JP App, CN Util, CN App, KR Util , KR Grant, KR App, Other, DWPI

S.No	No. of Hits	Remarks	Search String
1	795 hits	Doubly fed induction generator keywords	CTB=(((((Doubl*3 or dual*3 or two) adj3 (power*2 or output*4 or control*4 or fed or feed*3)) near5 (induction or asynchronous)) near5 (generat*3 or machine*1 or dynamo*1)) OR DFIG);
2	93 hits	Induction motor classes AND Doubly fed generator keywords	(UC=(318/727 OR 322/047) OR AIOE=(H02K001742)) AND ALL=(((((Doubl*3 or dual*3 or two) adj3 (power*2 or output*1 or control*4 or fed or feed*3)) near5 (generat*3 or machine*1 or dynamo*1))) OR DFIG);
3	675 hits	Broad classes of generators AND Doubly fed induction generator keywords	(UC=(290/044 OR 290/055) OR AIOE=(F03D000900C OR H02J000338 OR F03D0009* OR H02P0009*)) AND ALL=(((((Doubl*2 or dual*3 or two) adj3 (power*2 or output*1 or control*3 or fed or feed*3)) near5 (induction or asynchronous)) near5 (generat*3 or machine*1 or dynamo*1)) or DFIG);
4	240 hits	French keywords	CTB=((((Doubl*3 or dual*3or ADJ two or deux) near4 (nourris or feed*3 or puissance or sortie*1 or contrôle*1)) near4 (induction or asynchrone*1) near4 (générateur*1 or generator*1 or machine*1 or dynamo*1)) or DFIG);
5	282 hits	German keywords	CTB=(((((doppel*1 or dual or two or zwei) adj3 (Ausgang or Ausgänge or Kontroll* or control*4 or gesteuert or Macht or feed*1 or gefüttert or gespeiste*1)) or (doppeltgefüttert or DOPPELTGESPEISTE*1)) near4 (((Induktion or asynchronen) near4 (generator*2 or Maschine*1 or dynamo*1)) or (INDUKTION?MASCHINEN or INDUKTION?generatoren or Asynchronmaschine or Asynchrongenerator))) or DFIG);
6	920 hits		ALL=(((((((Doubl*3 or dual*3) adj3 (power*2 or output*4 or control*4 or fed or feed*3))) near5 (generat*3 or machine*1 or dynamo*1))) same wind) or (DFIG same wind)) AND DP>=(18360101);
7	1434 hits (702 INPADOC Families)	Combined Query	1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6

Sample Analysis

A sample of 139 patents from the search are analysed based on the taxonomy. Provided a link below for sample spread sheet analysis for doubly-fed induction generators.

• Sample analysis on Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Patent Literature
  
• Sample analysis on Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Non Patent Literature

IP Trend Analysis

Patenting activity has seen high growth rate in the last two years.

Vestas Wind Systems and General Electric are the major players in this technology field.

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Market Research

Major Players

Vestas Wind Systems, General Electric and Gamesa Innovation & Technology are the top players in terms of installed power capacity in the year 2007.

S.No	Company	Installed Capacity
1	Vestas (Denmark)	4,500 MW
2	GE Energy (United States)	3,300 MW
3	Gamesa (Spain)	3,050 MW
4	Enercon (Germany)	2,700 MW
5	Suzlon (India)	2,000 MW
6	Siemens (Denmark / Germany)	1,400 MW
7	Acciona (Spain)	870 MW
8	Goldwind (China - PRC)	830 MW
9	Nordex (Germany)	670 MW
10	Sinovel (China - PRC)	670 MW

Source:Wind power companies

Market Overview

• The world's wind industry defied the economic downturn in 2008 and by he end of the year 2009, the sector saw its annual market grow by 41.5% over 2008, and total global wind power capacity increased by 31.7% to 158GW in 2009
• US, China and Germany together hold more than 50% of the global wind power capacity
• Asia and North America have seen tremendous growth in the installed wind power capacity over the last 6 years
• Asia was the world's largest regional market for wind energy with capacity additions amounting to 15.4GW. China was the world's largest market in 2009, more than doubling its capacity from 12.1GW in 2008 to 25.8GW, adding a staggering 13.8GW of capacity
• China and the US account for more than 60% of the new installed capacity of 38.3GW in 2009. India's total installed capacity increased to 10.9GW with 1.3GW of new installed capacity in 2009
• The 2009 market for turbine installations was worth about 45 bn € or 63 bn US$ and about half a million people are now employed by the wind industry around the world

Top 10 Cumulative Installed Capacity 2009

Top 10 New Installed Capacity 2009

Annual Installed Capacity by Region 2003-2009

Market Forecast

• Global wind power capacity could reach 2,300 GW by 2030, providing up to 22% of the world's electricity needs, from the existing 2.2% in 2010.
• Global wind capacity will stand at 409GW up from 158GW at the end of 2008. During 2014, 62.5 GW of new capacity will be added to the global total, compared to 38.3 GW in 2009
• The annual growth rates during this period will average 20.9% in terms of total installed capacity, and 10.3% for annual market growth
• Three regions will continue to drive the expansion of wind energy capacity: Asia, North America and Europe
• Asia will remain the fastest growing market in the world, driven primarily by China, which is set to continue the rapid upscaling of its wind capacity and hold its position as the world’s largest annual market. Annual additions are expected to be well over 20 GW in China by 2014
• Sustained growth is also expected in India, which will increase its capacity steadily by 2 GW every year, and be

complemented by growth in other Asian markets, including Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and the Philippines, and potentially some others

• By 2014, the annual market will reach 14.5 GW, and a total of 60 GW will be installed in Europe over this five year period

ANNUAL MARKET FORECAST BY REGION 2009-2013

Source:GWEC's Global Wind Report 2009